Association between Age at Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Double-Center Retrospective Study
Table 1
Demographic and clinical parameters of study patients.
Variables
Total ()
DR ()
NDR ()
value
Age (y)
55 (48-63)
56 (49-63)
55 (48-63)
0.709
Male, (%)
4465 (59.76)
963 (58.65)
3502 (60.07)
0.305
Duration of diabetes (y)
4.17 (0.83-10.5)
9.33 (3.42-13.69)
3.17 (0.33-9.42)
<0.001
Onset age of diabetes (y)
49 (41-56)
45 (38-53)
50 (43-57)
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
130 (121-142)
132 (122-145)
130 (120-141)
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
75 (69-83)
75 (69-83)
75 (69-82.75)
0.415
BMI (kg/m2)
25.17 (23.1-27.48)
24.78 (22.56-26.97)
25.30 (23.24-27.64)
<0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)
8.14 (6.63-10.89)
8.98 (6.9-12.17)
7.97 (6.58-10.55)
<0.001
Fasting serum C peptide (ng/mL)
2.1 (1.5-2.8)
1.82 (1.22-2.55)
2.16 (1.57-2.9)
<0.001
HOMA-IR
3.62 (2.89-4.60)
3.53 (2.71-4.55)
3.64 (2.93-4.63)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
8 (6.8-9.8)
8.7 (7.3-10.6)
7.8 (6.7-9.6)
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.46 (1.01-2.24)
1.43 (0.99-2.15)
1.47 (1.02-2.25)
0.056
TC (mmol/L)
5.08 (4.29-5.92)
5.03 (4.26-5.88)
5.09 (4.30-5.93)
0.134
LDL-C (mmol/L)
1.13 (0.95-1.35)
1.11 (0.92-1.35)
1.13 (0.95-1.35)
0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
2.88 (2.24-3.56)
2.85 (2.21-3.54)
2.89 (2.25-3.57)
0.412
eGFR
103.64 (84.42-125.12)
100.78 (79.86-125.27)
104.25 (85.77-124.97)
<0.001
UACR (mg/g)
16.83 (7.36-49.54)
28.05 (10.23-98.04)
15.22 (6.87-40.27)
<0.001
High school education and above, (%)
1230 (16.46)
253 (15.41)
977 (16.76)
0.2
Family history of diabetes, (%)
3638 (48.69)
864 (52.62)
2774 (47.58)
<0.001
History of hypertension, (%)
3582 (47.94)
794 (48.36)
2788 (47.82)
0.716
History of dyslipidemia, (%)
6151 (82.32)
1350 (82.22)
4801 (82.35)
0.913
Smoking, (%)
1824 (24.41)
377 (22.96)
1447 (24.82)
0.126
Drinking, (%)
1032 (13.81)
206 (12.55)
826 (14.17)
0.097
Hypoglycemic drugs, (%)
4573 (61.20)
1210 (73.69)
3363 (57.68)
<0.001
Note: data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or (%). The groups were compared using the chi-squared test and Mann–Whitney test for categorical and continuous data, respectively. Abbreviations: NDR: nondiabetic retinopathy; DR: diabetic retinopathy; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
