Association between Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiac Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Comparison of clinical characteristics in T2DM patients stratified by retinopathy status.

Characteristics	Total ()	NDR ()	NPDR ()	PDR ()	value
Male, (%)	524 (66.3)	341 (71.8)	144 (58.3)	39 (57.4)	<0.001
Age (years)					<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)					0.761
Diabetes duration (years)				^#	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)					<0.001
DBP (mmHg)					0.008
Hypertension, (%)	309 (39.1)	149 (31.4)	123 (49.8)	37 (54.4)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)					0.674
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)				^#	0.021
HDL-C (mmol/l)				^#	0.006
TG (mmol/l)					0.124
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)				^#	<0.001
Uric acid, (mol/l)					0.825
Diabetic nephropathy, (%)	195 (24.7)	70 (14.7)	86 (34.8)	39 (57.4)^#	<0.001
Smoking history, (%)	441 (60.5)	239 (53.8)	160 (70.8)	42 (71.2)	<0.001
Insulin use, (%)	522 (66.0)	280 (58.9)	186 (75.3)	56 (82.4)	<0.001
ACEI/ARB use, (%)	157 (20.0)	76 (16.0)	61 (24.7)	21 (30.9)	0.001

Note: data are expressed as or (%). Bold indicated value of . vs. NDR group. ^# vs. NPDR group. Abbreviations: T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; NDR: no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.