Salivary Hormones Leptin, Ghrelin, Glucagon, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Their Relation to Sweet Taste Perception in Diabetic Patients

Figure 2

Mean salivary hormones leptin (ng/ml) (a), ghrelin (ng/ml) (b), glucagon (ng/l) (c), and GLP-1 (pmol/l) (d) concentrations in the three groups (control, controlled DM, and uncontrolled DM). The mean concentrations of salivary leptin differed significantly between the control group and both the controlled and uncontrolled DM groups (a, ). The salivary ghrelin and GLP-1 concentrations differed significantly between the control group and the group with uncontrolled DM (b, d, ). The salivary glucagon concentrations differed between all 3 groups, but these differences were not significant (c). . . DM: diabetes mellitus; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)