Salivary Hormones Leptin, Ghrelin, Glucagon, and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Their Relation to Sweet Taste Perception in Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the study participants.
Control group ()
Controlled DM group ()
Uncontrolled DM group ()
All groups ()
Gender (, %)
Female
32 (61.5)
33 (63.5)
26 (51)
91 (59)
Male
20 (38.5)
19 (36.5)
25 (49)
64 (41)
Age (years)
BMI (kg/m2)
WHR
HbA1c (%)
Duration of diabetes (years)
—
Diagnosed with other disease (, %)
Yes
28 (54)
33 (65)
30 (58)
91 (59)
No
24 (46)
18 (35)
22 (42)
64 (41)
Prefer sweet foods over other foods (, %)
Yes
24 (46)
21 (41)
18 (35)
63 (41)
No
21 (40)
27 (53)
33 (63)
81 (52)
Sometimes
7 (13)
3 (6)
1 (2)
11 (7)
High consumer of sweets (, %)
Yes
10 (19)
8 (16)
5 (10)
23 (15)
No
30 (58)
37 (73)
35 (67)
102 (66)
Sometimes
12 (23)
6 (12)
12 (23)
30 (19)
Always crave sweets (, %)
Yes
26 (50)
27 (53)
23 (44)
76 (49)
No
12 (23)
12 (24)
16 (31)
40 (26)
Sometimes
14 (27)
12 (24)
13 (25)
39 (25)
Believe that sweet foods affect their health (, %)
Yes
40 (82)
49 (96)
45 (88)
134 (89)
No
9 (18)
2 (4)
6 (12)
17 (11)
Data are presented as deviations (SD) or number (%). DM = diabetes mellitus; BMI = body mass index; WHR = waist-to-hip ratio; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin.
