The Role of Probiotics in Managing Glucose Homeostasis in Adults with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 3
GRADE profile of evidence.
Quality assessment
Summary of findings
Quality of evidence
Outcomes
Risk of bias
Inconsistency
Indirectness
Imprecision
Publication bias
Number of participants in experiment/control
WMD (95% CI)
(%)
HbA1c
No serious limitations
Serious limitationa
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
238/236
-0.44 (-0.84, -0.05)
76.13
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ◯ Moderate
FBG
No serious limitations
No serious limitations
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
242/241
-0.10 (-0.28, 0.08)
0.50
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ High
HOMA-IR
No serious limitations
No serious limitations
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
227/230
-0.27 (-0.45, 0.08)
0.00
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ High
Insulin
No serious limitations
No serious limitations
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
242/241
-0.09 (-0.29, 0.10)
14.26
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ High
TG
No serious limitations
Very serious limitationab
No serious limitation
Serious limitationc
No serious limitation
160/156
-0.84 (-1.64, 0.68)
95.37
⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ Very low
TC
No serious limitations
Very serious limitationab
No serious limitation
Serious limitationc
No serious limitation
160/156
-0.77 (-2.38, 0.84)
97.38
⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ Very low
HDL-C
No serious limitations
Serious limitation ab
No serious limitation
Serious limitationc
No serious limitation
160/156
0.82 (0.26, 1.38)
80.24
⊕ ⊕ ◯ ◯ Low
LDL-C
No serious limitations
Very serious limitationab
No serious limitation
Serious limitationc
No serious limitation
160/155
-0.95 (-2.53, 0.63)
97.22
⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ Very low
BMI
No serious limitations
Serious limitationa
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
No serious limitation
222/221
0.17 (-0.18, 0.53)
69.62
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ◯ Moderate
aThe test for heterogeneity is significant. bThe test for the confidence interval is wide. cThe sample size is small. Based on the number of limitations, the quality of outcomes is divided into four categories: high (⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕), moderate (⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ◯), low (⊕ ⊕ ◯ ◯), and very low (⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯) quality.