The clinical and prognostic importance of diabetic neuropathy is still undervalued in diabetology. Nevertheless, this can be attributed to objective reasons as well. The diagnosis and treatment of nephropathy is clearly the domain of the internist and the diabetologist, whereas retinopathy is the responsibility of the ophthalmologist. However, neuropathy still remains an unattended borderline between the different domains of internal medicine and neurology. Indeed, diabetic neuropathy is an interdisciplinary subject, comprised of the related fields of urology, surgery, paediatrics, psychiatry, vascular surgery, and rehabilitation. The poor prognosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy has been well known for about 40 years, and in recent decades it has become evident that sensorimotor neuropathy is also associated with poor outcome. Besides poor prognosis, the quality of life of patients with neural complications is severely impaired as well. Cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and sudden death represent the main causes of death among diabetic patients. Silent myocardial infarction and ischaemia, major arrythmias, and sudden death are well-known manifestations of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.

This topic represents an interesting area in the field of cardiodiabetology, with deep gaps in our knowledge. It is much less well known that neuropathy is associated with anxiety, depression, frailty, and with a high risk of falling. Although there have been excellent experimental studies in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, there has been no real progression in clinical practice for more than a decade. On the other hand, several new risk factors of neuropathy have been identified, raising the possibility for slowing down the progression of neuropathy. An important new area of research is the relationship between vitamin D supply and neuropathy. Among the gastrointestinal manifestations of neuropathy, the weak relationship between subjective symptoms and objective alterations still remains an open question. Little is known about neuropathy due to more etiological factors. As chronic renal diseases represent an independent predictor for the development and progression of neuropathy, more should be learned about neuropathy among patients with diabetic nephropathy.

The aim of this Special Issue is to collate original research articles with a focus on experimental and clinical neuropathy in the field of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Review articles discussing the current state of the art are also welcomed.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Autonomic neuropathy
• Sensory neuropathy
• Combination therapy of diabetic neuropathy
• New risk factors of neuropathy
• Connection between vitamin D3 supply and neuropathy
• Early death due to neuropathy
• Early neuropathy among subjects with high risk for the development of prediabetes
• Discrepancy between objective alterations and subjective symptoms of gastrointestinal neuropathy
• Connection between neuropathy and mortality