| | Author [paper] | Year | Characteristics features | Suitability for WMSN | Performance metrics | Type of network | Energy efficiency | Network lifetime | Performance results |
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Di Caro and Dorigo [14] | 1998 | Multipath (ACO) | No | Delay | Homogeneous | No | Medium | Slow convergence, high overhead | | Rahman et al. [51] | 2008 | Flat (ACO) | Low | Delay and jitter | Homogeneous | Low | Low | Limited-scalability, high overhead | | Sun et al. [53] | 2008 | Hierarchical (ACO) | Medium | Delay, PLR | Homogeneous | Medium | High | Outperforms Dijkstra and DD [49] | |
Bi et al. [54] | 2010 | Hierarchical (ACO) | Medium | Delay | Homogeneous | Medium | High | Outperforms AGRA [55] and M-IAR [51] | | Cobo et al. [57] | 2010 | Hierarchical (ACO) | High | RE, delay, and PDR | Homogeneous | High | High | Outperforms T-ANT [58] | | Yu et al. [56] | 2011 | QoS based (ACO) | High | Delay, PLR, and RBW | Homogeneous | High | High | Limited-scalability | | Nayyar et al. [60] | 2011 | Energy aware (ACO) | High | RE, LB | Homogeneous | Medium | Medium | Outperforms Tiny AODV [36] | | Kumar et al. [61] | 2014 | QoS based (ACO) | High | RBW, RE | Heterogeneous | Medium | Medium | Outperforms EEABR [62] | | Liu et al. [63] |
2012 | QoS based (PSO) | High | Delay, RBW, and jitter | Homogeneous | Medium | Low | Outperforms EEABR [62] and AODV [36] | | Huang et al. [64] |
2014 | Hierarchical (ACO) | Medium | RE, delay, and HC | Homogeneous | Medium | High | Outperforms Dijkstra and IPACR [64] | |
Förster and Murphys [65] |
2007 | RL based | Medium | Lifetime, percentage gain over DD | Homogeneous | Medium | High | Outperforms DD [49] | |
Kotecha and Popat [66] | 2007 | GA based | Medium | Delay | Homogeneous | Medium | Medium | Outperforms AODV [36] and QoS AODV [67] | | Saleem et al. [69] | 2012 | HBO based | Medium | Routing overhead, PLR, and latency | Homogeneous | Medium | Medium | Outperforms FP-Ant [70], EEABR [62], and AODV [36] | | Cai et al. [72] |
2015 | Hierarchical (HBO) | High | PDR, ESD, and latency | Homogeneous | High | High | Outperforms IEEABR [73], FF-Ant [70], and BeeSensor [69] | |
Jafarzadeh and Moghaddam [74] | 2014 | RL | Medium | Delay, PDR, and traffic load | Homogeneous | High | High | Outperforms QoS-AODV [67], RL-QRP [75], and RSSI [76] | | Kiani et al. [77] | 2015 | Hierarchical (RL) | High | Lifetime, PLR | Homogeneous | High | High | Outperforms LEACH [79], HEED-NPF [80], and EECS [81] |
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ACO: ant colony optimization, PSO: particle swarm optimization, PLR: packet loss ratio, RBW: residual bandwidth, RE: residual energy, HC: hop-count, RL: reinforcement learning, GA: genetic algorithm, HBO: honey bee optimization, PDR: packet delivery ratio, and ESD: energy standard deviation.
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