Review Article
Exponential Disruptive Technologies and the Required Skills of Industry 4.0
Table 4
Paradigm shift in industry, education, and operator.
| | Industrial revolution | Education (r)evolution (methods) | Operator (r)evolution (techniques) |
| | Industry 1.0 | Education 1.0 (dictation and direct transfer of information) | Operator 1.0 (manual and dextrous work) (machine tools) | | Industry 2.0 | Education 2.0 (progressivism and openness to internet) | Operator 2.0 (assisted work with CNC)1 | | Industry 3.0 | Education 3.0 (knowledge production and co-constructivism) | Operator 3.0 (cooperative work with robot) | | Industry 4.0 | Education 4.0 (innovation production and classroom replacement) | Operator 4.0 (work aided by human-CPS)2 |
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1CNC: computer numerical control and 2CPS: cyber physical system. Modified from [ 219, 221– 224]. |
