Industry 4.0 Disruption and Its Neologisms in Major Industrial Sectors: A State of the Art

Table 1

Transition in industry, operator, and maintenance.

Transition	Industry	Operator	Maintenance
Level 1	Industry 1.0Mechanical production, rail road, steam power	Operator 1.0; Manual and dexterous work; Machine tools	Maintenance 1.0Visual inspection
Level 2	Industry 2.0; Mass production; Assembly line; Electrical power	Operator 2.0; Assisted work; Numerical control	Maintenance 2.0; Instrument inspection
Level 3	Industry 3.0; Automated production; Electronics, computers, and IT; First PLC system	Operator 3.0; Cooperative work; Industrial robots	Maintenance 3.0; Real-time condition monitoring
Level 4	Industry 4.0; Fusion of virtual, physical, digital, and biological sphere (CPPS); Convergence of technologies: AI, IoT, VR/AR, big data, etc.	Operator 4.0; Work-aided human-CPS	Maintenance 4.0Predictive maintenance; Use of big data; Statistical analysis; Smart sensors and IoT; Use of digital twins

IT: information technology, PLC: programmable logic controller, CPPS: cyber-physical production system, AI: artificial intelligence, IoT: Internet of Things, VR: virtual reality, AR: augmented reality, and CPS: cyber-physical system.