Simulation Strategies for Mixed Traffic Conditions: A Review of Car-Following Models and Simulation Frameworks

Table 3

Outline of car-following models.

Car-following model	Type of vehicles considered	Type of study	Parameters	Simulation framework	Final output	Reference
GHR model	Cars, trucks	A single-lane model consisting of acceleration and deceleration responses	Different pairs of leader-follower C-C, T-C, C-T	—	Estimation of speed, relative speed, space headway parameters	Siuhi and Kaseko [32]
	HMV, LMV, 2W	Determination of leader vehicle: (i) Front vehicle; (ii) Staggered right; vehicle; (iii) Staggered left vehicle	(i) Space headway, overlap in lateral direction, type of vehicle, relative velocity; (ii) Nine vehicle pairs for acceleration and deceleration responses	—	Estimation of deceleration rates between different vehicle pairs, acceleration function of all vehicle types	Choudhury and Islam [33]
Safe distance model	Cars	Staggered car-following considering right front leader vehicle	Lateral separation, frictional clearance, veering distance, maximum escape speed	C++	Speed, flow, density diagrams, space-time trajectories	Gunay [37]; Gunay [38]
		Staggered car-following homogeneous model	(i) Frictional clearance directly depends on escape speed; (ii) Frictional clearance decreases with an increase in safe following distance	Matlab	Space-time diagrams for different FC, CS	Xu [39]
	3W, trucks, buses	Abrupt direction changes in staggered car following	Lateral clearances, maximum lateral speed of FV	AIMSUN simulator	Comparison of vehicle counts	Lenorzer et al. [41]
		Gipps’s model of various leader-subject vehicle types	Driver reaction time, acceleration, desired speed of FV, size of leader vehicle	C	Flow-speed diagrams for various vehicle pairs	Ravishankar and Mathew [40]
Optimal velocity model	Cars	Front left and angled car-following	Lateral headway, visual angles	Numerical simulation	Headway, velocity differences, lateral separation parameter, space-time trajectories	Jin et al. [52]; Zheng et al. [81]
		Right-hand staggered car following	Visible angle, gap maintenance angle, time-to-collision		Speed and headway variation with time	Jin et al. [53]
		Angled car-following front, left, and right leaders	Two-sided lateral separation		Distance between cars at different time steps	Li et al. [97]
		Staggered car-following two leaders	Lateral headway, escape corridor		Vehicle gap, velocity variations with time	He et al. [98]
Potential field approach	Mixed traffic	Comprehensive model: (i) Car-following; (ii) Two-way traffic; (iii) Passing and overtaking	Lane widths, lane markings, influence of road edges, the influence of obstacles	Numerical model	Positions of slow-moving vehicles at different time steps; maximum lateral deviation, speed; speed-time and headway-time trajectories	Chakraborty et al. [83]
Strip-based approach	Mixed traffic	Continuous movement in lateral direction instead of lane-changing	(i) Division of road into tiny strips; (ii) Safe speeds on surrounding and current strips	SiMTraM, SUMO	Speed-density relationships and capacities are assessed	Mathew et al. [89]