Effect of Emission Penalty and Annual Interest Rate on Cogeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Hydrogen in Karachi: 3E Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis

Table 1

Recent studies on renewable energies in Pakistan.

Ref., year	Station	Load type	Method	Studied parameter	Connection type	Optimum configuration	Sensitivity analysis	Dump load	Emission penalty
[30], 2017	Layyah	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	Off-grid	PV cell-biogas generator-battery	No	No	No
[31], 2018	Gujranwala	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	Off-grid	PV cell-fuel cell-diesel generator-battery	No	No	No
[32], 2018	Chakwal	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	On-grid	PV cell-wind turbine-biogas generator	No	No	No
[33], 2018	Four selected sites	Electricity	Analytical	Hydrogen cost	Off-grid	Wind turbine	No	No	No
[34], 2018	Punjab	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	Off-grid	Hydroturbine-PV cell-wind turbine-diesel generator	No	No	No
[1], 2019	Bhimber	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	On-grid off-grid	PV cell-diesel generator PV-Battery	No	No	No
[35], 2019	Mohmand	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	Off-grid	PV cell-wind turbine	No	No	No
[36], 2019	Quetta	Electricity	HOMER-MATLAB	Total NPC	Off-grid	Wind turbine-battery	No	No	No
[37], 2019	Faisalabad	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	Off-grid	PV cell-battery	No	No	No
[38], 2019	Larkana	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC-Emission analysis	On-grid	PV cell-battery	No	No	No
[39], 2020	Faisalabad	Electricity, heat	HOMER	Total NPC-Emission analysis	Off-grid	PV cell-wind turbine-biogas generator-diesel generator	Yes	No	No
[40], 2020	Sindh	Electricity	HOMER	Total NPC	On-grid off-grid	PV cell-wind turbine-grid	No	No	No
Present work	Karachi	Electricity, heat and hydrogen	HOMER	Hydrogen cost, total NPC-emission analysis	Off-grid	PV cell-wind turbine-fuel cell-battery	Yes	Yes	Yes