| | Construct | Code | Description | Reference |
| | Monitoring and maintenance | SF.M1 | The metaverse could revolutionize the planning and design phases of construction projects. Architects, engineers, and other stakeholders can collaborate more effectively, visualize designs realistically, and identify potential issues or conflicts before construction through immersive virtual reality experiences. This can help reduce costly rework and increase the overall efficacy of the undertaking | [7, 55] | | SF.M2 | The metaverse could facilitate real-time monitoring of construction projects by providing a digital representation of physical assets and allowing stakeholders to trace progress, identify constraints, and more effectively manage resources. Sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) devices embedded in construction sites can capture data and input it into the metaverse, enabling improved decision-making and preventative maintenance | [34, 52] | | SF.M3 | Remote inspections and maintenance can be conducted more efficiently using the metaverse. Experts can navigate the virtual representation of a construction project to assess its condition, identify potential issues, and provide guidance or instructions to on-site teams without having to physically visit the site. This can save time, reduce travel expenses, and enhance maintenance and repair response times | [54, 60] | | SF.M4 | The metaverse can serve as a platform for replicating various scenarios and instructing construction employees. Through virtual environments, employees can practice complex tasks, encounter dangerous situations without real-world hazards, and acquire practical experience in a safe environment. This can increase safety, enhance skill development, and reduce accidents on the job site | [2, 21] | | SF.M5 | The metaverse can facilitate predictive maintenance in construction projects in conjunction with sophisticated data analytics and artificial intelligence. By integrating real-time sensor data from equipment and structures into the metaverse, patterns, and anomalies can be identified, enabling proactive maintenance measures. Predictive maintenance helps prevent equipment failures, reduces downtime, and prolongs the life of assets, resulting in cost savings and enhanced project efficiency | [22, 48] |
| | Communication and collaboration | SF.C1 | The metaverse can provide stakeholders from disparate locations with immersive virtual meeting spaces to discuss and collaborate on construction projects. This eliminates the need for physical travel, reduces expenses, and enables real-time communication and decision-making | [1, 26] | | SF.C2 | Architects, engineers, and other stakeholders can collaborate more effectively on design iterations using the metaverse. They can use virtual reality tools to visualize and manipulate 3D models, make adjustments in real time, and receive instant feedback. This promotes an interactive and iterative design process, resulting in better construction plans and fewer errors | [38, 58] | | SF.C3 | On construction endeavors, crews frequently operate in various locations. The metaverse can facilitate the seamless collaboration of geographically dispersed teams by sharing information, documents, and project updates. This promotes collaboration, the sharing of knowledge, and a unified comprehension of the project’s objectives | [13, 29] | | SF.C4 | Project stakeholders can communicate and provide feedback in real time via the metaverse. This is possible through text, voice, and video communication in the virtual environment. Instantaneous feedback expedites decision-making, problem-solving, and problem-resolution, thereby enhancing the productivity of construction initiatives | [5, 39] | | SF.C5 | The metaverse can be a centralized document-sharing platform where stakeholders can access and collaborate on project-related files. This ensures that everyone has access to the most recent document versions, prevents confusion caused by multiple copies, and streamlines team communication | [22, 25] |
| | Design and visualization | SF.D1 | The metaverse can make design and visualization in the construction industry more accessible to nonspecialists. Clients, project managers, and other stakeholders without technical design expertise can navigate and investigate virtual environments, making it simpler for them to provide feedback and make informed decisions | [1, 26] | | SF.D2 | When incorporated with building information modelling (BIM) and other data sources, the metaverse can help identify design tensions and conflicts. It is possible to detect potential conflicts between building systems, structural elements, and services early on using automated collision detection algorithms and simulations. This enables prompt resolution and assures a more efficient construction process | [31, 32] | | SF.D3 | The metaverse facilitates collaborative design evaluations by providing a shared virtual space where stakeholders can congregate, investigate, and provide design feedback. This enables real-time discussions, annotations, and markings on virtual models. Design modifications can be visualized and collectively evaluated, resulting in more effective design decisions | [23, 47] | | SF.D4 | In conjunction with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies, the metaverse can provide immersive and convincing visualizations of construction undertakings. Before buildings and infrastructure are constructed, designers, architects, and stakeholders can investigate virtual environments to experience their scale, proportions, and spatial relationships. This facilitates a more precise comprehension of design concepts and aids in the early identification of prospective problems | [4, 41] | | SF.D5 | The metaverse enables virtual prototyping, where designers can construct and test multiple design iterations in a virtual environment. This allows for swift design modifications and iterations without requiring tangible prototypes. Designers can visualize and interact with their designs in real time, enabling them to assess their viability and make more efficient modifications | [21, 34] |
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