Divide-by-Three Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers with Direct Forcing Signal

Figure 7

Current-voltage characteristics of the circuits in Figure 6. (a) Total current 𝑖(𝑣,0)=𝑖_nl(𝑣)+𝑖_in(𝑣,0) for 𝑣_in=0. (b) Voltage-controlled transconductance 𝑔₁(𝑣). SPICE simulations are obtained by using BSIM3 transistor models (MOSIS-IBM 8RF 0.13 𝜇 technology), with 𝑉_DD=1.2 V. Analytical models are obtained by using polynomial approximations 𝑖(𝑣,0)=𝑎₁𝑣+𝑎₃𝑣³ and 𝑔₁(𝑣)=𝑘.

(a)

(b)