Modeling, Analysis, and Experimental Validation of Frequency Dividers with Direct Injection

Figure 5

Nonlinear characteristic of the locally active two-terminal sub-circuit, shown in Figure 3(a) with 𝑉_DD=5V. Measurements are obtained using integrated circuits ST HCF4007UB and the testing circuit in Figure 4. Approximate model is obtained using a cubic polynomial with 𝑎_nl=−1.94mA/V and 𝑐_nl=80uA/V³.