Beverage-Specific Alcohol Sale and Cardiovascular Mortality in Russia

Table 4

Estimated effects (bivariate ARIMA model) of vodka sales on CVD mortality rates.

Parameter	Model	Estim.	St. Error	𝑡	𝑝
CVD mort. males	0,1,0*	0,053	0,012	4,076	0,000
CVD mort. females	0,1,0	0,037	0,12	3,129	0,004

*The general form of nonseasonal ARIMA model is (𝑝, 𝑑, 𝑞p), where 𝑝 is the order of the autoregressive parameter, 𝑑—the order of differencing, and 𝑞 is the order of the moving average parameter. 𝑄 test for residuals are satisfactory in all models.