Neighborhood Urban Environmental Quality Conditions Are Likely to Drive Malaria and Diarrhea Mortality in Accra, Ghana
Table 2
Diarrhea mortality in different urban environmental zones.
Urban environmental variable
Zonation
RM
Mean fraction
P-value
95% CI
Population, water, housing, and waste generation
Extremely deteriorated
1.258
0.036
.411
0.024 0.049
Moderately deteriorated
1.728
0.050
.160
0.033 0.066
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.029
—
0.016 0.036
Water supply and sanitation facilities
Extremely deteriorated
1.010
0.040
.986
0.029 0.052
Moderately deteriorated
1.100
0.044
.799
0.028 0.060
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.040
—
0.013 0.067
Hygiene facilities
Extremely deteriorated
1.740
0.067
.036
0.016 0.119
Moderately deteriorated
0.917
0.035
.618
0.029 0.042
Least deteriorated
1.000
0.039
—
0.029 0.048
Housing construction material type and arrangement
Extreme slum
1.349
0.060
.035
0.027 0.094
Moderate slum
0.700
0.031
.035
0.024 0.039
Least slum (Well built)
1.000
0.045
—
0.038 0.052
Zonations: represent the different environmental ecotypes with discretely distinct environmental quality conditions. RM: represents relative mortality computed as the ratio of the mean of the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to a specific cause to that of the baseline situation that is the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to the specific cause in the least deteriorated zone. Mean fraction: represents the mean of the fraction of cluster-level deaths due to a specific cause. 95% CI: represents 95-percent confidence intervals of the means.
