Television Watching, Diet Quality, and Physical Activity and Diabetes among Three Ethnicities in the United States
Table 1
General characteristics of the study population.
Variable
Ethnicity
Without T2D
With T2D
P-value
Age (years)
AA
51.1 8.7
54.5 10.2
0.007
Mean SD
HA
53.5 10.7
57.8 10.1
0.001
CA
63.0 10.9
65.2 11.8
0.069
Gender N (%)
AA-F
54 (51.9)
64 (53.3)
0.893
AA-M
50 (48.0)
56 (46.7)
HA-F
57 (50.0)
72 (54.5)
0.523
HA-M
57 (50.0)
60 (45.4)
CA-F
113 (66.5)
116 (62.0)
0.439
CA-M
57 (33.5)
71 (38.0)
AA
48 (40.0)
47 (36.4)
0.327
Currently smoking (yes) (N%)
HA
7 (5.8)
9 (6.5)
0.514
CA
28 (16.2)
30 (16.0)
0.533
AA
14 (13.5)
22 (18.2)
0.526
Education < HS degree/GED
HA
43 (37.7)
71 (53.8)
0.020
CA
79 (46.2)
99 (52.7)
0.320
AA
29 (27.9)
61 (51.3)
<0.001
BMI 4th Quartile N (%) (> 34 kg/m2)
HA
17 (15.0)
18 (13.6)
0.520
CA
27 (15.9)
55 (29.4)
0.017
AA
34 (32.7)
66 (55.0)
0.001
TV hours 4th quartile (> 4.0 hours) N (%)
HA
8 (7.0)
19 (14.4)
0.065
CA
28 (16.5)
36 (19.3)
0.494
AA
20 (19.2)
14 (11.7)
0.129
HEI 4th quartile (healthiest diet score) (> 59.3) N (%)
HA
38 (33.3)
37 (28.0)
0.782
CA
34 (20.0)
63 (33.9)
0.004
AA
35 (33.7)
29 (24.2)
0.404
PA (MET hr/wk) 4th quartile (highest activity) N (%)
HA
40 (35.1)
23 (17.4)
0.009
CA
44 (25.9)
31 (16.6)
0.191
Abbreviations. AA: African American; HA: Haitian American; CA: Cuban American; T2D: type 2 diabetes; F: female; M: male; BMI: body mass index; HS: high school; GED: general equivalency diploma; TV: television; HEI: Healthy Eating Index; PA: physical activity; MET: metabolic equivalents. Notes. Age was compared using the Student t-test and reported in mean SD. The Chi-squared test was used to for categorical data and reported as N (%) where % are within diabetes status. A P value of 0.05 was considered significant. Physical activity (PA) was measured in metabolic equivalents (MET) per week. MET = 1 kcal·kg−1·h−1. One MET is the equivalent of sitting quietly.
