Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disability, and Special Education in U.S. Children Aged 6 to 15
Table 4
Multivariate associationsa between PAH metabolites and LD, NHANES 2001–2004 ().
All () OR (95% CI)
Male () OR (95% CI)
Female () OR (95% CI)
value for interactionb
1-Pyrene
Log-transformed
0.85 (0.68, 1.05)
0.99 (0.77, 1.27)
0.58 (0.34, 0.98)
0.8
High versus low
0.87 (0.50, 1.51)
1.28 (0.68, 2.41)
0.42 (0.16, 1.11)
0.4
1-Napthol
Log-transformed
1.03 (0.85, 1.23)
1.01 (0.75, 1.35)
1.19 (0.84, 1.68)
0.3
High versus low
1.65 (0.96, 2.81)
1.81 (0.83, 3.93)
1.46 (0.64, 3.31)
0.9
2-Napthol
Log-transformed
0.91 (0.71, 1.17)
1.00 (0.68, 1.46)
0.89 (0.54, 1.45)
0.5
High versus low
0.63 (0.31, 1.28)
0.75 (0.32, 1.76)
0.50 (0.18, 1.41)
0.9
FLUO metabolites
Log-transformed
0.89 (0.68, 1.17)
0.67 (0.42, 1.08)
1.50 (0.80, 2.81)
0.2
High versus low
1.14 (0.58, 2.23)
0.93 (0.46, 1.89)
1.54 (0.56, 4.24)
0.3
PHEN metabolites
Log-transformed
0.91 (0.67, 1.24)
0.90 (0.57, 1.42)
1.03 (0.49, 2.13)
0.1
High versus low
0.74 (0.42, 1.32)
0.69 (0.33, 1.44)
0.76 (0.29, 2.005)
0.1
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, creatinine, smokers in the household, PIR, birthweight, and having a routine source of medical care.
b value for interaction term sex * PAH.
