The Shared Pathoetiological Effects of Particulate Air Pollution and the Social Environment on Fetal-Placental Development

Figure 2

Proposed pathways contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The co-presence of maternal and paternal biological factors can result in protection or increased susceptibility to the interaction with the physical and social environments. Cumulative negative exposures early in pregnancy resulting in excess oxidative stress and inflammation may cause a cascade of events leading to defective deep placentation. Depending on the degree of severity, the reduced transplacental perfusion can result in various pathologies associated with a range of obstetric complications and outcomes [60, 61, 69, 70].