Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases in Lebanon: A Case-Control Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics
Controls = 219 (%)
Cases = 121 (%)
value
Age
0.007
40–44
43 (19.7)
7 (5.9)
45–49
25 (11.5)
11 (9.2)
50–54
16 (7.3)
18 (15.1)
55–59
16 (7.3)
10 (8.4)
60–64
28 (12.8)
20 (16.8)
≥65
90 (41.3)
53 (44.5)
Gender
0.902
Males
116 (53.0)
63 (52.5)
Females
103 (47.0)
58 (47.5)
Marital status
<0.001
Single
36 (16.4)
1 (0.8)
Married
157 (71.7)
104 (86.7)
Divorced or widow
26 (11.9)
15 (12.5)
Education
0.025
Illiteracy
23 (10.5)
11 (9.7)
Primary or less
82 (37.4)
60 (53.1)
Complementary or less
48 (21.9)
25 (22.1)
Secondary or less
37 (16.9)
10 (8.8)
University degree
27 (13.2)
7 (6.2)
Residency
0.033
Rural
117 (53.4)
50 (41.3)
Urban
102 (46.6)
71 (58.7)
Income-per-family-member
0.221
Low
58 (27.0)
35 (30.2)
Med. low
27 (12.6)
23 (19.8)
Med. high
76 (35.3)
35 (30.2)
Highest
54 (25.1)
23 (19.8)
BMIa
0.004
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9)
71 (32.4)
22 (19.0)
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)
102 (46.4)
53 (45.7)
Obese (BMI ≥30)
46 (21.0)
41 (35.3)
Family history of CVDb
0.012
No
143 (65.9)
62 (51.7)
Yes
74 (34.1)
58 (48.3)
Triglycerides mg/dL (mean ± SD)c
146.5 ± 43.6
202.2 ± 67.0
<0.001
LDL mg/dLd (mean ± SD)c
86.4 ± 46.3
128.9 ± 38.3
<0.001
HDL mg/dLe (mean ± SD)c
51.7 ± 15.6
43.3 ± 14.1
<0.001
SBP mmHgf (mean ± SD)c
122.5 ± 15.04
129.9 ± 19.1
<0.001
Self-related global health (mean ± SD)c
8.3 ± 0.6
5.9 ± 1.4
<0.001
BMI, body mass index; cardiovascular disease; mean ± standard deviation; LDL, low density lipoprotein; eHDL, high density lipoprotein; fSBP, systolic blood pressure; value < 0.05 statistically significant.
