Review Article
Airborne Infectious Agents and Other Pollutants in Automobiles for Domestic Use: Potential Health Impacts and Approaches to Risk Mitigation
Table 3
Types of microbial pathogens and their possible sources in the family car.
| Type | Examples | Possible source(s) |
| Vegetative bacteria | Legionella pneumophila; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant ones) | Biofilms, human occupants, dust, heating/cooling systems, windshield washer fluid, and splashes from road puddles | Mycobacteria | Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium avium | Human occupants and biofilms | Bacterial spores | Bacillus subtilis; B. cereus; Clostridium difficile | Road dust, upholstery, heating/cooling systems, carpets, human occupants, and pets | Fungi & fungal spores | Aspergillus niger; Candida albicans | Road dust, upholstery, heating/cooling systems, carpets, human occupants, and pets | Viruses | Noroviruses; rhinoviruses; influenza viruses; rotaviruses | Human occupants, pets & animal (chickens, pigs) cargo |
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