Food Insecurity Is Associated with Undernutrition but Not Overnutrition in Ecuadorian Women from Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods
Table 2
Association of household and participant sociodemographic characteristics with food security status ().
Household food security status
Low food security
Very low food security
Food secure ()
Low food security ()
Very low food security ()
Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI)
Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI)
Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI)
Monthly per capita household income (US)
≤50/month
12 (6.8)
56 (31.8)
108 (61.4)
4.37 (1, 13, 8.96)1
3.75 (1.75, 8.02)2
17.4 (8.29, 36.5)1
11.3 (5.01, 24.5)1
51–99/month
39 (14.9)
109 (41.6)
114 (43.5)
2.62 (1.57, 4.36)1
2.26 (1.30, 3.92)3
5.65 (3.19, 10.0)1
4.06 (2.18, 7.55)1
100–149/month
43 (20.9)
98 (47.6)
65 (31.6)
2.13 (1.29, 3.54)1
1.96 (1.16, 3.33)4
2.92 (1.63, 5.25)1
2.49 (1.34, 4.61)3
≥150/month
58 (38.7)
62 (41.3)
30 (20.0)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
Formal education (yrs)
<6 years
23 (16.3)
42 (29.8)
76 (53.9)
1.22 (0.68, 2.18)
1.05 (0.56, 1.98)
4.37 (2.47, 2.74)1
2.69 (1.40, 5.15)5
6–9 years
47 (12.2)
160 (41.5)
179 (46.4)
2.27 (1.48, 3.48)1
1.70 (1.07, 2.71)6
5.04 (3.18, 7.98)1
3.32 (2.00, 5.49)1
≥10 years
82 (30.7)
123 (46.1)
62 (23.2)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
Long-term residence in current neighborhood (≥50% of lifetime)
Yes
116 (24.0)
191 (39.5)
176 (36.4)
0.44 (0.29, 0.68)1
0.47 (0.30, 0.73)3
0.39 (0.25, 0.60)1
0.43 (0.27, 0.69)3
No
36 (11.6)
134 (43.1)
141 (45.3)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
Age (yrs)
<30 years
76 (22.1)
157 (45.6)
111 (32.3)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
30–44 years
56 (17.1)
136 (41.6)
135 (41.3)
1.18 (0.78, 1.78)
1.29 (0.81, 2.04)
1.65 (1.08, 2.53)6
1.65 (0.99, 3.74)
≥45 years
20 (16.3)
32 (26.0)
71 (57.7)
0.78 (0.42, 1.44)7
0.84 (0.43, 1.65)
2.43 (1.37, 4.32)7
1.93 (1.00, 2.71)
Full-time housewife occupation
Yes
65 (15.6)
163 (39.1)
189 (45.3)3
1.35 (0.90, 1.99)
1.09 (0.71, 1.67)
1.98 (1.33, 2.93)8
1.28 (0.82, 2.02)
No
87 (23.1)
162 (43.0)
128 (34.0)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
Marital status
Legally married
44 (18.7)
82 (34.9)
109 (46.4)
0.74 (0.43, 0.27)
0.76 (0.41, 1.41)
0.58 (0.91, 2.73)
1.43 (0.73, 2.79)
Common law union
63 (20.2)
132 (42.3)
117 (37.5)
0.83 (0.51, 1.37)
0.81 (0.47, 1.38)
1.18 (0.70, 1.99)
1.27 (0.70, 2.30)
Single, never married
35 (19.7)
88 (49.4)
55 (30.9)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
1.00 (ref. cat.)
Separated/divorced/widowed
10 (14.5)
23 (33.3)
36 (52.2)
0.92 (0.40, 2.12)
0.84 (0.34, 2.06)
2.29 (1.01, 5.20)9
1.73 (0.69, 4.32)
Ref. cat. = reference category. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. Multivariate analyses adjusted for other model variables, neighborhood location, and data collection year. , , , , , , , , and .
