Food Insecurity Is Associated with Undernutrition but Not Overnutrition in Ecuadorian Women from Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods
Table 4
Average weekly food consumption frequency during the past 12 months: compared by household food security status ().
Food secure ()
Low food security ()
Very low food security ()
ANOVA value
ANCOVA value
Mean ± SD
Adjusted mean
Mean ± SD
Adjusted mean
Mean ± SD
Adjusted mean
Weekly food group intake frequency
Vegetable group foods
2.4 ± 1.5
2.4
2.4 ± 1.4
2.4
2.1 ± 1.5
2.1
0.51
0.011
Fruit group foods
2.2 ± 1.2
2.2
1.9 ± 1.2
2.0
1.4 ± 1.2
1.4
0.0001
0.0001
Meat group foods
2.0 ± 1.2
1.9
1.8 ± 1.2
1.8
1.3 ± 1.1
1.4
0.0001
0.0001
Fish & seafood group foods
1.4 ± 1.3
1.4
1.3 ± 1.2
1.3
1.0 ± 0.9
1.0
0.0001
0.0001
Milk & milk products group foods
3.7 ± 1.9
3.7
3.4 ± 2.0
3.4
2.3 ± 2.0
2.3
0.0001
0.0001
Legumes, nuts & seeds group foods
1.8 ± 1.2
1.8
1.7 ± 1.5
1.7
1.6 ± 1.7
1.6
0.64
0.28
Cereals group foods
3.3 ± 1.5
3.2
3.5 ± 1.8
3.5
3.3 ± 1.6
3.3
0.0001
0.17
White tubers & roots group foods
2.5 ± 1.4
2.5
2.6 ± 1.6
2.6
2.5 ± 1.5
2.5
0.53
0.27
Oils & fats group foods
2.6 ± 1.8
2.6
2.4 ± 1.7
2.4
2.3 ± 1.9
2.3
0.29
0.33
Sweets group foods
1.5 ± 1.6
1.5
1.6 ± 1.6
1.6
1.4 ± 1.6
1.4
0.16
0.36
Eggs group
4.6 ± 3.0
4.6
4.7 ± 2.4
4.6
4.4 ± 3.1
4.5
0.47
0.85
Fried & salty snack & convenience group foods
1.4 ± 1.4
1.4
1.6 ± 1.7
1.6
1.5 ± 1.6
1.5
0.35
0.41
Micronutrient-rich foods
Retinol precursor carotenoid foods
1.5 ±1.1
1.6
1.4 ± 1.1
1.4
1.1 ± 1.0
1.0
0.0001
0.0001
Retinol foods
3.9 ± 1.8
3.8
3.6 ± 1.8
3.6
2.7 ± 1.8
2.7
0.0001
0.0001
Heme iron foods
1.8 ± 1.1
1.7
1.6 ± 1.0
1.6
1.2 ± 1.0
1.2
0.0001
0.0001
Animal protein foods
2.5 ± 1.1
2.5
2.3 ± 1.1
2.3
1.7 ± 1.1
1.8
0.0001
0.0001
Analyses adjusted for household per capita income, age, education, length of residence in current neighborhood, neighborhood location, and data collection year. Retinol precursor carotenoid key foods (dark leafy green vegetables, other vegetables, tubers, and vitamin A-rich fruits). Retinol key foods (egg yolks, milk/milk products). Heme iron key foods (flesh meats, fish/seafood). High quality animal protein food (flesh meats, fish/seafood, eggs, and milk/milk products).
