Investigation of Some Metals in Leaves and Leaf Extracts of Lippia javanica: Its Daily Intake
Table 3
The total concentration of five elements (mg/kg, DW) in dried leaves of L. javanica sampled from seven different sites and extracted by three treatments. Values are mean ± SD of triplicate site samples measured three times.
Site
Treatment
Statistic
Element concentration (mg/kg)
Pb
Fe
Mn
Cu
Cr
SS 1
Acid digestion
ND
86.386 ± 9.057
121.165 ± 26.388
9.854 ± 1.751
ND
Boiling in water
% of total
—
16.83 ± 2.94
16.98 ± 4.77
12.95 ± 6.09
—
Infusion in water
% of total
—
20.58 ± 5.31
30.78 ± 15.53
19.85 ± 4.87
—
SS 2
Acid digestion
3.109 ± 0.214
104.433 ± 7.329
205.431 ± 21.138
10.275 ± 0.958
3.559 ± 0.241
Boiling in water
% of total
—
15.50 ± 0.91
19.34 ± 0.99
14.00 ± 3.35
8.88 ± 0.97
Infusion in water
% of total
—
21.69 ± 6.00
29.15 ± 2.93
21.50 ± 3.99
13.54 ± 0.62
SS 3
Acid digestion
1.620 ± 0.035
185.194 ± 10.925
734.988 ± 105.490
15.323
1.877
Boiling in water
% of total
—
18.15 ± 0.25
21.11 ± 4.39
14.72 ± 1.90
6.94 ± 1.81
Infusion in water
% of total
—
24.40 ± 2.02
25.40 ± 0.68
21.95 ± 6.43
12.52 ± 2.66
SS 4
Acid digestion
2.086 ± 0.581
147.269 ± 8.779
287.255 ± 37.604
14.787 ± 2.570
4.404 ± 0.746
Boiling in water
% of total
—
13.39 ± 1.97
14.70 ± 0.33
12.95 ± 3.45
10.35 ± 2.39
Infusion in water
% of total
—
15.82 ± 3.66
26.66 ± 9.79
28.65 ± 2.26
14.19 ± 3.24
SS 5
Acid digestion
1.851 ± 0.070
210.226 ± 17.167
554.111 ± 67.406
12.662 ± 3.337
1.168 ± 0.282
Boiling in water
% of total
—
17.68 ± 2.56
23.81 ± 1.29
10.67 ± 4.97
—
Infusion in water
% of total
—
22.99 ± 0.29
32.72 ± 8.60
17.18 ± 3.88
—
SS 6
Acid digestion
ND
37.313 ± 4.988
86.248 ± 13.277
3.816 ± 1.184
ND
Boiling in water
% of total
—
9.04 ± 1.58
12.49 ± 3.26
3.17 ± 1.15
—
Infusion in water
% of total
—
11.68 ± 3.64
24.73 ± 7.37
13.23 ± 3.42
—
SS 7
Acid digestion
ND
42.197 ± 6.506
85.736 ± 25.116
3.733 ± 0.590
ND
Boiling in water
% of total
—
6.83 ± 0.27
10.62 ± 4.36
3.32 ± 1.60
—
Infusion in water
% of total
—
8.33 ± 2.66
21.19 ± 6.27
21.59 ± 5.34
—
Overall
Acid digestion
2.176
116.153
296.419
10.064
2.752
Boiling in water
% of total
—
15.68 ± 4.46
19.74 ± 5.15
11.95 ± 5.63
8.72 ± 1.71
Infusion in water
% of total
—
20.31 ± 6.56
28.01 ± 8.20
21.65 ± 5.33
13.42 ± 0.84
ND: not detected (below limit of detection); dash (—): not calculated. Treatment means with different superscripts A and Bor AB and C within the same column for a specific element are significantly different (LSD post hoc, ). SS 1: along sides of a railway line; SS 2: along sides of a busy road; SS 3: municipal dumpsite; SS 4: around a light industry; SS 5: around a sewage outfall; SS 6: grassland; and SS 7: natural forest.
