Journal of Environmental and Public Health

Research Article

Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Mortality, Incidence, and Survival in the United States, 1950–2014: Over Six Decades of Changing Patterns and Widening Inequalities

Table 2

Age-adjusted all-cancer and site-specific cancer mortality rates per 100,000 population and relative risk (RR) of mortality among those aged ≥25 years by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and poverty status: 2003–2011 National Longitudinal Mortality Study.


	Age-adjusted mortality			Age-adjusted mortality			Age-adjusted mortality
	Rate	SE	RR	Rate	SE	RR	Rate	SE	RR

	All cancers combined, male			All cancers combined, female			Lung cancer, male

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	254.50	5.00	1.00	210.50	4.33	1.00	78.50	2.83	1.00
Non-Hispanic Black	350.00	17.00	1.38	209.50	11.50	1.00	114.17	9.83	1.45
American Indian/Alaska Native	406.17	58.50	1.60	284.17	46.67	1.35	151.50	36.33	1.93
Asian/Pacific Islander	149.33	17.67	0.59	159.83	17.33	0.76	36.83	9.00	0.47
Mexican American	143.67	14.00	0.56	127.00	12.67	0.60	27.33	6.33	0.35
Other Hispanic	155.50	16.00	0.61	140.67	13.67	0.67	28.67	7.00	0.37
Educational attainment (years)	( for education < 0.01)			( for education < 0.01)			( for education < 0.01)
<12	287.50	9.33	1.68	230.33	8.00	1.43	102.83	5.83	2.57
12	288.33	8.33	1.68	202.00	6.17	1.25	89.17	4.67	2.23
13–15	240.17	9.67	1.40	198.33	8.00	1.23	67.33	5.17	1.68
16+	171.33	7.33	1.00	161.33	8.17	1.00	40.00	3.50	1.00
Poverty status¹	( for income < 0.01)			( for income < 0.01)			( for income < 0.01)
<100%	332.00	18.33	1.80	232.83	11.50	1.55	119.33	11.17	2.58
100–150%	301.83	15.67	1.64	234.00	11.17	1.55	103.50	9.33	2.23
150–200%	271.33	14.00	1.47	238.83	11.83	1.59	89.67	8.33	1.94
200–400%	260.33	7.67	1.41	209.17	6.83	1.39	78.00	4.33	1.68
400–600%	243.50	10.17	1.32	174.33	9.00	1.16	71.67	5.67	1.55
Above 600%	184.17	8.50	1.00	150.50	8.33	1.00	46.33	4.17	1.00

	Lung cancer, female			Colorectal cancer, male			Colorectal cancer, female

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	59.83	2.33	1.00	23.50	1.50	1.00	20.00	1.33	1.00
Non-Hispanic Black	52.17	5.83	0.87	43.33	6.17	1.84	24.33	4.00	1.22
American Indian/Alaska Native	54.33	20.50	0.91	9.00	9.00	0.38	40.83	18.17	2.04
Asian/Pacific Islander	36.83	8.33	0.62	6.50	3.67	0.28	19.83	6.33	0.99
Mexican American	21.00	5.17	0.35	18.00	5.00	0.77	14.67	4.33	0.73
Other Hispanic	26.67	6.00	0.45	11.67	4.50	0.50	18.00	5.00	0.90
Educational attainment (years)	( for education < 0.01)			( for education < 0.01)			( for education < 0.01)
<12	71.33	4.67	2.04	26.67	3.00	1.42	25.67	2.67	2.20
12	60.17	3.33	1.72	26.83	2.67	1.42	19.67	2.00	1.69
13–15	41.33	3.67	1.18	21.50	3.00	1.14	21.50	2.67	1.84
16+	35.00	3.83	1.00	18.83	2.50	1.00	11.67	2.17	1.00
Poverty status¹	( for income < 0.01)			( for income > 0.05)			( for income < 0.01)
<100%	67.83	6.33	2.30	20.00	4.67	1.02	22.83	3.67	1.47
100–150%	68.33	6.17	2.32	27.17	4.83	1.38	27.50	3.83	1.77
150–200%	69.33	6.50	2.35	28.33	4.67	1.44	20.83	3.50	1.34
200–400%	57.17	3.50	1.94	25.33	2.50	1.29	23.33	2.33	1.51
400–600%	48.50	4.67	1.64	24.17	3.17	1.23	12.00	2.50	0.77
Above 600%	29.50	3.67	1.00	19.67	2.83	1.00	15.50	2.83	1.00

	Prostate cancer			Breast cancer, female			Cervical cancer

Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	23.50	1.50	1.00	31.67	1.67	1.00	1.67	0.33	1.00
Non-Hispanic Black	54.00	6.83	2.30	35.33	4.83	1.12	2.67	1.33	1.60
American Indian/Alaska Native	41.83	20.83	1.78	38.50	17.17	1.22	13.33	9.50	8.00
Asian/Pacific Islander	6.67	3.83	0.28	11.50	4.67	0.36	1.83	1.83	1.10
Mexican American	8.33	3.83	0.35	16.17	4.50	0.51	2.83	1.67	1.70
Other Hispanic	20.67	6.17	0.88	17.33	4.83	0.55	5.83	2.67	3.50
Educational attainment (years)	( for education > 0.05)			( for education < 0.05)			( for education < 0.01)
<12	29.33	2.83	1.63	26.17	2.67	0.82	4.17	1.33	6.25
12	23.33	2.50	1.30	29.00	2.33	0.91	3.00	0.83	4.50
13–15	28.00	3.50	1.56	32.83	3.17	1.03	1.33	0.67	2.00
>16	18.00	2.50	1.00	32.00	3.50	1.00	0.67	0.33	1.00
Poverty status¹	( for income < 0.01)			( for income > 0.05)			( for income < 0.01)
<100%	31.50	5.67	1.72	29.00	4.17	0.90	4.00	1.67	4.00
100–150%	27.17	4.33	1.48	28.83	4.00	0.90	4.00	1.83	4.00
150–200%	26.50	4.00	1.45	31.00	4.33	0.96	4.83	2.00	4.83
200–400%	24.50	2.33	1.34	31.17	2.67	0.97	2.83	0.83	2.83
400–600%	27.33	3.67	1.49	25.83	3.50	0.80
Above 600%	18.33	3.17	1.00	32.17	3.83	1.00	1.00	0.50	1.00

. ¹Defined as a ratio of family income to poverty threshold.