Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2017/3931802/figures/3931802.fig.004a.svgz" name="3931802.fig.004a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Sludge stored outside toilet</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2017/3931802/figures/3931802.fig.004b.svgz" name="3931802.fig.004b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Sludge heaped outside UDDT</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="c"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2017/3931802/figures/3931802.fig.004c.svgz" name="3931802.fig.004c" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(c) </b>Children barefoot playing around sludge storage area</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="d"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/jeph/volume-2017/3931802/figures/3931802.fig.004d.svgz" name="3931802.fig.004d" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(d) </b>FA with heap of sludge and food dried next to sludge</td></tr></table>

<div>Faecal sludge storage and possible exposure pathways.</div>

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi 