Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi

Table 1

Mean pathogen concentrations in sludge from FA and UDDT.

	Mean	Standard deviation	Range	Mean	Standard deviation	Range
Helminths	Concentration range, FAs (potentially viable eggs per gram of sludge),			Concentrations range, UDDTs (potentially viable eggs per gram of sludge),
A. lumbricoides	0.40	0.74	0–2.42	0.39	0.58	0–1.87
Hookworm	10.10	13.5	0–17.23	5.2	4.61	0–17.27
Trichuris trichiura	0	0	0	0	0	0
Taenia	0.21	0.47	0–1.61	0.30	0.65	0–2.61
Bacterial pathogens	Colony forming units per gram (CFUs/g)			Colony forming units per gram (CFUs/g)
Salmonella	346.2	405.4	0–1200	509.1	741.9	0–3200
E. coli	1007.7	1302.2	0–4100	859.1	1230.4	0–5500