Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi

Table 3

Estimated average dose of organisms ingested, inhaled, ingested, and exposed through dermal contact.

Pathogen	Exposure route	FAs			UDDTs
		Mean eggs per gram	Sludge dose (g) per person per year	Pathogen dose per person per year	Mean eggs per gram	Sludge dose (g) per person per year	Pathogen dose per person per year
Ascaris lumbricoides	Ingestion and inhalation	0.40	3.2	1.3	0.39	2.0	0.8
Taenia	Ingestion and inhalation	0.21	3.2	0.7	0.30	2.0	0.6
Hookworms	Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion	10.10	21.2	214.1	5.2	12.8	66.6
Bacteria (CFUs per gram)
E. coli	Ingestion and inhalation	1007.7	3.2	3224.6	859.1	2.0	1718.2
Salmonella	Ingestion and inhalation	346.2	3.2	1107.8	509.1	2.0	1018.2