Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review

Table 1

Improved and unimproved drinking water sources based on WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for water supply and sanitation [4].

Improved drinking water source	Unimproved drinking water source
Piped water into dwelling, yard or plot	Unprotected spring
Public tap or standpipe	Unprotected dug well
Tubewell or borehole	Cart with small tank/drum
Protected dug well	Tanker-truck
Protected spring	Surface water
Rainwater collection	Bottled water from unimproved water source

Please refer to WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for water supply and sanitation [4] for details. Note that any microbiologically contaminated water source was considered unsafe water in the analysis.