Tobacco Smoking and Use of Smokeless Tobacco and Their Association with Psychological Distress and Other Factors in a Rural District in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 3
Prevalence of current or past smoking and the factors associated in the total sample and by gender in a rural district in Bangladesh.
Never smoker, N = 1180 (49%)
Tobacco smoker ever, N = 656 (27.1%)
Smokeless tobacco, N = 570 (23.5%)
N
Total
Total
n (%)
n (%)
OR (95% CI)
n (%)
OR (95% CI)
Age group
18–39
496 (74.1)
135 (20.2)
1.00 (reference)
38 (5.7)
1.00 (reference)
40–59
304 (50.6)
195 (32.4)
2.36 (1.81, 3.06)
102 (17.0)
4.38 (2.94, 6.53)
60–69
292 (33.3)
257 (29.3)
3.23 (2.51, 4.17)
328 (37.4)
14.7 (10.2, 21.1)
70 and above
88 (34)
69 (26.6)
2.88 (1.99, 4.16)
102 (39.4)
15.1 (9.78, 23.4)
Gender
Females
750 (61)
113 (9.1)
1.0
375 (30.3)
1.0
Males
430 (36.8)
543 (46.5)
8.38 (6.63, 10.6)
195 (16.7)
0.91 (0.74, 1.12)
Education
No education
218 (33)
172 (26.0)
2.71 (1.97, 3.72)
84 (10.4)
1.00
Primary education
408 (43.4)
317 (33.7)
3.47 (2.67, 4.52)
215 (22.9)
2.81 (2.08, 3.80)
Secondary and above education
554 (68.8)
167 (20.7)
1.00
271 (41.0)
3.88 (2.82, 5.36)
Marital status
Married
981 (51.1)
563 (29.4)
1.00
374 (19.5)
1.00
Widowed
137 (33.8)
77 (19.0)
1.54 (1.03, 2.30)
191 (47.2)
1.24 (0.91, 1.68)
Single or unmarried
59 (75.6)
15 (19.2)
0.43 (0.23, 0.79)
4 (5.1)
0.45 (0.15, 1.34)
Occupation
House work
643 (65.9)
74 (7.6)
1.0
259 (26.5)
1.0
Student
39 (97.5)
1 (2.5)
0.32 (0.04, 2.41)
0
—
Land owner
55 (25.7)
123 (57.5)
7.15 (4.04, 12.7)
36 (16.8)
2.02 (1.1, 3.7)
Daily labours
74 (26.9)
173 (62.9)
7.97 (4.65, 13.7)
28 (10.2)
1.05 (0.57, 1.96)
Business
91 (42.3)
108 (50.2)
5.54 (3.18, 9.65)
16 (7.4)
0.64 (0.32, 1.26)
Government or nongovernment job
81 (59.6)
41 (30.1)
2.72 (1.49, 4.96)
14 (10.3)
0.79 (0.39, 1.57)
Retired or unable to work
190 (35.2)
133 (24.6)
1.36 (0.83, 2.21)
217 (40.2)
0.78 (0.54, 1.13)
Unemployed
7 (70)
3 (30)
3.86 (0.93, 16.1)
0
—
Socioeconomic status
Insufficient funds all the time
141 (39.1)
134 (37.1)
1.67 (1.06, 2.64)
86 (23.8)
1.05 (0.64, 1.72)
Insufficient funds some of the time
341 (43.9)
200 (25.8)
0.96 (0.63, 1.44)
235 (30.3)
1.41 (0.92, 2.16)
Medium (not good or bad)
562 (54.6)
262 (25.5)
0.92 (0.62, 1.34)
205 (19.9)
1.01 (0.67, 1.53)
Sufficient funds most of the time
136 (56.7)
60 (25)
1.00
44 (18.3)
1.00
Health condition
No
626 (59.3)
299 (28.3)
1.00
131 (12.4)
1.00
Yes
554 (41)
357 (26.4)
1.0 (0.78, 1.28)
439 (32.5)
1.79 (1.39, 2.32)
Number of health conditions
1-2 conditions
395 (52.9)
167 (22.4)
1.00
185 (24.8)
1.0
3 or more conditions
785 (47.3)
489 (29.5)
1.46 (1.14, 1.88)
385 (23.2)
0.54 (0.42, 0.70)
Psychological distress
Not distressed
617 (54.4)
281 (24.8)
1.0
236 (20.8)
1.0
Mild
277 (50.5)
138 (25.2)
1.26 (0.95, 1.67)
133 (24.3)
1.27 (0.95, 1.69)
Moderate
218 (43.1)
165 (32.6)
1.67 (1.25, 2.23)
123 (24.3)
1.05 (0.77, 1.42)
Severe
68 (31.2)
72 (33.0)
1.93 (1.25, 2.99)
78 (35.8)
0.98 (0.65, 1.47)
OR (95% CI) adjusted for age, gender, level of education, occupation, and marital status.
