Journal of Environmental and Public Health

Research Article

Tobacco Smoking and Use of Smokeless Tobacco and Their Association with Psychological Distress and Other Factors in a Rural District in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use and the factors associated in total participants and by gender in a rural district in Bangladesh.
 Never smokerTobacco smoker everSmokeless tobacco
FemalesMalesFemales, N = 113 (9.1%)Males, N = 543 (46.5%)Females, n = 375 (30.3%)Males, n = 195 (16.7)
N (%)N (%)n (%)OR (95% CI)n (%)OR (95% CI)n (%)OR(95% CI)n (%)OR (95% CI)
Age group          
18–39364 (91)132 (49)8 (2.0)1.0 (reference)127 (47)1.0 (reference)28 (7.0)1.0 (reference)10 (3.7)1.0 (reference)
40–59184 (68)120 (36)16 (5.9)3.96 (1.66, 9.4)179 (54)1.55 (1.11, 2.17)69 (26)4.9 (3.04, 7.8)33 (9.9)3.63 (1.72, 7.7)
60–69172 (37)120 (29)76 (16)20.1 (9.49, 43)181 (44)1.57 (1.12, 2.19)216 (47)16.3 (10.6, 25)112 (27.1)12.32 (6.2, 24)
70 and above30 (29)58 (38)13 (12)19.7 (7.58, 51)56 (36)1.00 (0.65, 1.56)62 (59)26.9 (15.0, 48)40 (26.9)9.1 (4.3, 19)
Education          
Secondary and above320 (88)234 (53)37 (9.7)3.78 (1.57, 9.1)135 (48)2.69 (1.87, 3.87)37 (10)1.0047 (10.7)1.00
Primary level289 (59)119 (27)69 (14)6.86 (3.03, 16)248 (55)3.06 (2.27, 4.13)134 (27)2.59 (1.7, 4.0)81 (18.1)2.86 (1.83, 4.47)
No education141 (37)77 (28)7 (1.9)1.00160 (36)1.00204 (53)4.4 (2.82, 6.9)67 (24)2.64 (1.62, 4.28)
Marital status          
Married612 (70)369 (35)64 (7.3)1.00499 (48)1.00202 (23)1.00172 (16.5)1.00
Widowed115 (35)22 (31)49 (15)1.18 (0.71, 1.96)28 (39)0.72 (0.39, 1.33)169 (51)1.18 (0.8, 1.7)22 (30.6)0.98 (0.50, 1.93)
Single or unmarried20 (87)39 (71)——15 (27)0.33 (0.17, 0.63)3 (13)—1 (2)—
Occupation          
House work635 (66)8 (47)71 (7.4)1.03 (18)1.0253 (26)1.06 (35.3)1.0
Student23 (100)16 (94)0—1 (5.9)0.26 (0.02, 2.93)0—0—
Land owner1 (33)54 (26)2 (67)20 (1.78, 224)121 (57)4.82 (1.21, 19.2)0—36 (17.1)0.95 (0.28, 3.21)
Daily labours5 (50)69 (26)5 (50)6.66 (1.67, 27)168 (63)5.12 (1.3, 20.2)0—28 (10.6)0.58 (0.17, 1.97)
Business1 (50)90 (42)1 (50)6.9 (0.35, 136)107 (50)3.53 (0.89, 14)0—16 (7.5)0.29 (0.08, 1.03)
Government or nongovernment job12 (92)69 (56)1 (7.7)0.80 (0.1, 6.72)40 (33)1.92 (0.47, 7.8)0—14 (11.4)0.39 (0.11, 1.43)
Retired or unable to work71 (31)119 (38)33 (15)0.82 (0.45, 1.48)100 (32)1.21 (0.3, 4.9)122 (54)1.21 (0.3, 4.9)95 (30.3)0.41 (0.13, 1.38)
Unemployed2 (100)5 (63)0 (0)—3 (38)2.57 (0.36, 18)0—0—
Socioeconomic status          
Insufficient funds all the time95 (49)46 (28)35 (18)0.76 (0.36, 1.59)99 (60)2.37 (1.36, 4.15)66 (34)1.18 (0.6, 2.2)20 (12.1)0.85 (0.38, 1.87)
Insufficient funds some time224 (55)117 (31)24 (5.9)0.26 (0.12, 0.53)176 (47)1.77 (1.09, 2.88)156 (39)1.56 (0.9, 2.8)79 (21.2)1.30 (0.69, 2.43)
Medium (not good or bad)354 (69)208 (41)32 (6.2)0.27 (0.14, 0.52)230 (45)1.63 (1.03, 2.57)130 (25)1.06 (0.6, 1.9)75 (14.6)0.97 (0.54, 1.76)
Sufficient funds mostly77 (63)59 (50)22 (18)1.0038 (32)1.0023 (19)1.0021 (17.8)1.00
Health condition          
No407 (79)219 (41)23 (4.5)1.00276 (51)1.086 (17)1.0045 (8.3)1.00
Yes343 (48)211 (34)90 (13)2.17 (1.28, 3.65)267 (43)0.81 (0.60, 1.08)289 (40)1.86 (1.4, 2.6)150 (23.9)1.80 (1.16, 2.78)
Health conditions          
1–2 conditions226 (63)169 (43)12 (3.4)1.00155 (40)1.00120 (34)1.065 (16.7)1.0
3 or more conditions524 (60)261 (34)101 (12)2.33 (1.21, 4.47)388 (50)1.38 (1.04, 1.83)255 (29)0.45 (0.3, 0.6)130 (16.7)0.75 (0.50, 1.12)
Psychological distress          
No distressed389 (69)228 (40)26 (4.6)1.0255 (45)1.0152 (27)1.084 (14.8)1.0
Mild186 (63)91 (36)27 (9.1)2.12 (1.67, 3.83)111 (44)1.12 (0.80, 1.56)83 (28)1.1 (0.76, 1.6)50 (19.8)1.60 (1.01, 2.54)
Moderate136 (54)82 (33)37 (15)2.98 (1.68, 5.28)128 (51)1.38 (0.98, 1.94)81 (32)1.0 (0.67, 1.5)42 (16.7)1.13 (0.70, 1.84)
Severe39 (32)29 (30)23 (19)3.55 (1.76, 7.2)49 (51)1.28 (0.76, 2.16)59 (49)1.1 (0.66, 1.9)19 (19.6)0.74 (0.37, 1.48)
OR (95% CI) adjusted for age, gender, level of education, occupation, and marital status.