A Multilevel Analysis of Regressors of Access to Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Ghana

Table 4

Bivariate analyses of SDW and explanatory variables.

	Source of drinking water (SDW)
	Unimproved SDW	Improved SDW
Types of toilet facilities
Unimproved toilet facilities	1307 (91.5%)	9107 (87.6%)
Improved toilet facilities	122 (8.5%)	1293 (12.4%)
; χ^2 = 17.73; df = 1
Sex of the household head
Female	327 (22.9%)	3498 (33.6%)
Male	1102 (77.1%)	6902 (66.4%)
; χ^2 = 66.38; df = 1
Age of the household head
15–34 years	379 (26.5%)	3312 (31.8%)
35–54 years	594 (41.6%)	4282 (41.2%)
55 years and above	456 (31.9%)	2806 (27.0%)
; χ^2 = 22.53; df = 2
Education level of the household head
No education/preschool	618 (43.2%)	2728 (26.2%)
Primary	280 (19.6%)	1382 (13.3%)
Middle/JSS/JHS	415 (29.0%)	3667 (35.3%)
Secondary/SSS/SHS	85 (5.9%)	1426 (13.7%)
Postsecondary	31 (2.2%)	1197 (11.5%)
; χ^2 = 343.10; df = 4
Marital status of the household head
Never married/never lived together	123 (8.6%)	1633 (15.7%)
Currently married	1017 (71.2%)	6437 (61.9%)
Formerly/ever married	289 (20.2%)	2330 (22.4%)
; χ^2 = 62.44; df = 2
Household size
1–3 members	629 (44.0%)	5638 (54.2%)
4–6 members	513 (35.9%)	3566 (34.3%)
7 members and above	287 (20.1%)	1196 (11.5%)
; χ^2 = 99.43; df = 2
Household wealth index
Poorest	655 (45.8%)	1853 (17.8%)
Poor	551 (38.6%)	1867 (18.0%)
Middle	175 (12.2%)	2402 (23.1%)
Richer	42 (2.9%)	2243 (21.6%)
Richest	6 (0.4%)	2035 (19.6%)
; χ^2 = 1286.00; df = 4
Place of residence
Rural	1192 (83.4%)	4702 (45.2%)
Urban	237 (16.6%)	5698 (54.8%)
; χ^2 = 731.95; df = 1
Region of residence
Northern	251 (17.6%)	763 (7.3%)
Central	118 (8.3%)	1110 (10.7%)
Greater Accra	32 (2.2%)	1305 (12.6%)
Volta	195 (13.6%)	920 (8.8%)
Eastern	231 (16.2%)	1076 (10.3%)
Ashanti	97 (6.8%)	1213 (11.7%)
Brong Ahafo	169 (11.8%)	1156 (11.1%)
Western	195 (13.6%)	1107 (10.6%)
Upper East	97 (6.8%)	901 (8.7%)
Upper West	44 (3.1%)	849 (8.2%)
; χ^2 = 433.80; df = 9

Note. Yates’ continuity correction. Column percentages are reported.