A Multilevel Analysis of Regressors of Access to Improved Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities in Ghana

Table 5

Bivariate analyses of types of toilet facilities and explanatory variables.

	Types of toilet facilities (TTF)
	Unimproved TTF	Improved TTF
Sex of the household head
Female	3408 (32.7%)	417 (29.5%)
Male	7006 (67.3%)	998 (70.5%)
; χ^2 = 6.03; df = 1
Age of the household head
15–34 years	3422 (32.9%)	269 (19.0%)
35–54 years	4216 (40.5%)	660 (46.6%)
55 years and above	2776 (26.7%)	486 (34.3%)
; χ^2 = 114.7; df = 1
Education level of the household head
No education/preschool	3133 (30.1%)	213 (15.1%)
Primary	1548 (14.9%)	114 (8.1%)
Middle/JSS/JHS	3618 (34.7%)	464 (32.8%)
Secondary/SSS/SHS	1283 (12.3%)	228 (16.1%)
Postsecondary	832 (8.0%)	396 (28.0%)
; χ^2 = 635.84; df = 4
Marital status of the household head
Never married/never lived together	1612 (15.5%)	144 (10.2%)
Currently married	6441 (61.8%)	1013 (71.6%)
Formerly/ever married	2361 (22.7%)	258 (18.2%)
; χ^2 = 53.43; df = 2
Household size
1–3 members	5627 (54.0%)	640 (45.2%)
4–6 members	3512 (33.7%)	567 (40.1%)
7 members and above	1275 (12.2%)	208 (14.7%)
; χ^2 = 38.77; df = 2
Household wealth index
Poorest	2370 (22.8%)	138 (9.8%)
Poor	2249 (21.6%)	169 (11.9%)
Middle	2385 (22.9%)	192 (13.6%)
Richer	2052 (19.7%)	233 (16.5%)
Richest	1358 (13.0%)	683 (48.3%)
; χ^2 = 1108.7; df = 4
Place of residence
Rural	5398 (51.8%)	496 (35.1%)
Urban	5016 (48.2%)	919 (64.9%)
; χ^2 = 139.65; df = 1
Region of residence
Northern	968 (9.3%)	46 (3.3%)
Central	1090 (10.5%)	138 (9.8%)
Greater Accra	1035 (9.9%)	302 (21.3%)
Volta	954 (9.2%)	161 (11.4%)
Eastern	1121 (10.8%)	186 (13.1%)
Ashanti	1124 (10.8%)	186 (13.1%)
Brong Ahafo	1209 (11.6%)	116 (8.2%)
Western	1123 (10.8%)	179 (12.7%)
Upper East	953 (9.2%)	45 (3.2%)
Upper West	837 (8.0%)	56 (4.0%)
; χ^2 = 313.15; df = 9

Note. Yates’ continuity correction. Column percentages are reported.