Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

Table 3

A summary of the percentage of selected protected springs in Kampala city with levels of major elements in water above and below the WHO guideline values and the Ugandan standards.

Element	Na	Mg	Al	K	Ca	Cr	Mn	Fe
Springs above Ugandan guidelines	0	0	20	—	0	4	66.7	58.3
Springs below Ugandan guidelines	100	100	80	—	100	96	33.3	41.7
Springs above WHO guidelines	0	0	8	33.3	0	4	29	58.3
Springs below WHO guidelines	100	100	92	67.7	100	96	71	41.7