Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

Table 4

Levels of trace elements (µg/L) in water from selected protected springs in Kampala city in comparison to WHO guideline values [30, 33, 34].

	B	Sb	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Ba	Pb
WHO guidelines	2400	20	70	2000	3000	3	700	10
Ugandan standards	—	—	—	1000	5000	10	1000	50
Canadian guidelines	5000	6	—	1000	5000	5	1000	10
Sample site
Nakawa division
Nabuze	2.0 ± 0.1	1.44 ± 0.03	9.8 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.1	9.4 ± 0.5	0.05 ± 0.002	150 ± 5.5	0.54 ± 0.01
Katarina	2.3 ± 0.4	0.45 ± 0.01	6.8 ± 0.4	3.2 ± 0.2	16.9 ± 0.8	0.04 ± 0.001	146 ± 4.3	0.94 ± 0.02
Buwooya	2.1 ± 0.9	0.38 ± 0.01	3.9 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.1	16.0 ± 0.4	0.23 ± 0.011	73 ± 3.4	4.09 ± 0.09
Bukoto 1	2.1 ± 0.5	0.42 ± 0.02	3.2 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2	13.6 ± 0.1	0.04 ± 0.001	140 ± 5.6	0.70 ± 0.01
Bukoto 2	2.5 ± 0.1	0.39 ± 0.02	5.4 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.3	26.4 ± 0.4	0.05 ± 0.002	234 ± 7.7	1.91 ± 0.02
Kawempe division
Nabukalu	2.4 ± 0.1	0.40 ± 0.01	7.4 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.2	20.9 ± 0.4	0.07 ± 0.01	332 ± 4.5	0.87 ± 0.03
Abdu	2.7 ± 0.2	0.55 ± 0.02	12 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.1	22.9 ± 0.6	0.11 ± 0.02	821 ± 8.3	1.55 ± 0.02
SP4306K	2.7 ± 0.2	10.98 ± 0.02	8.6 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.2	14.7 ± 0.1	0.06 ± 0.01	422 ± 7.2	1.35 ± 0.01
Kikoni	3.2 ± 0.3	0.21 ± 0.01	3.8 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.1	6.9 ± 0.2	0.05 ± 0.01	180 ± 6.3	0.04 ± 0.01
Rubaga division
SP1414R	2.0 ± 0.4	9.19 ± 0.01	9.1 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.5	17.1 ± 0.7	0.05 ± 0.01	397 ± 5.1	0.76 ± 0.01
Sentamu	1.7 ± 0.5	0.41 ± 0.02	7.4 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.3	9.3 ± 0.0	0.05 ± 0.01	303 ± 7.7	0.22 ± 0.03
Kunnya	2.4 ± 0.1	0.90 ± 0.01	6.1 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 0.4	24.5 ± 0.7	0.07 ± 0.02	249 ± 6.5	1.71 ± 0.02
SP1212R	1.7 ± 0.0	0.86 ± 0.02	8.5 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.3	9.8 ± 0.0	0.06 ± 0.02	246 ± 8.0	0.23 ± 0.01
Kibumbiro	3.9 ± 0.1	1.34 ± 0.04	15.3 ± 0.0	3.7 ± 0.5	48.0 ± 0.5	0.16 ± 0.03	454 ± 7.9	5.06 ± 0.05
Kabaale	5.1 ± 0.5	0.90 ± 0.03	4.9 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.8	16.5 ± 0.6	0.10 ± 0.02	286 ± 8.3	2.11 ± 002
Nababirye	1.9 ± 0.6	1.80 ± 0.00	4.9 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.8	7.7 ± 0.8	0.02 ± 0.01	108 ± 3.1	0.43 ± 0.03
SP1010R	2.2 ± 0.5	0.22 ± 0.01	8.1 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.7	12.1 ± 0.1	0.07 ± 0.02	442 ± 5.8	0.34 ± 0.01
Makindye division
Nsambya	2.5 ± 0.2	1.75 ± 0.02	15.2 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.6	11.7 ± 0.6	0.06 ± 0.01	506 ± 6.3	0.72 ± 0.02
Kapeke	2.8 ± 0.7	4.15 ± 0.03	25.5 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 0.8	38.0 ± 0.4	0.14 ± 0.02	1132 ± 8.9	1.81 ± 0.04
Yusuf	2.6 ± 0.1	0.64 ± 0.01	2.1 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.5	11.5 ± 0.3	0.04 ± 0.01	118 ± 5.3	0.78 ± 0.05
Kasanvu	7.2 ± 0.8	0.44 ± 0.01	3.5 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.2	4.1 ± 0.2	0.02 ± 0.00	117 ± 6.9	0.12 ± 0.04
Central division
Nabagereka	3.5 ± 0.2	0.38 ± 0.02	8.94 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.9	15.9 ± 1.3	0.08 ± 0.01	508 ± 9.0	1.72 ± 0.02
Barracks	3.0 ± 0.8	5.74 ± 0.08	8.22 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.8	7.6 ± 0.7	0.05 ± 0.01	213 ± 5.1	0.51 ± 0.01
SP5003C	2.3 ± 0.2	0.52 ± 0.05	4.52 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.4	25.1 ± 1.5	0.19 ± 0.02	424 ± 6.4	2.82 ± 0.01