Assessment of Levels, Speciation, and Toxicity of Trace Metal Contaminants in Selected Shallow Groundwater Sources, Surface Runoff, Wastewater, and Surface Water from Designated Streams in Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

Table 8

Mean levels of major elements (mg/L) and other parameters of surface water from selected streams and waterways in Lake Victoria basin, Uganda, compared to the WHO guidelines and Ugandan standards (maximum concentrations).

Sampling site	WHO water guidelines
	pH	EC (µS/cm)	T (C°)	Na	Mg	Al	K	Ca	Mn	Fe
	6.5–8.5	1000	25	200	50	0.1	10	200	0.1	0.3
	Ugandan standards
	6.0–8.0	1000	23–25	—	100	0.5	—	100	1.0	10
Lubigi Channel	7.49	1530	29	51.5	5.1	0.066	25.03	26.3	0.80	2.61
Mulago Channel	7.02	1420	25	50.7	4.6	0.062	22.60	25.5	0.83	2.63
Nakivubo Channel	7.20	1723	28	56.4	5.4	0.154	28.62	24.3	0.53	2.84
Lugogo stream	7.16	930	26	31.8	5.7	0.001	17.32	26.3	0.83	3.49
Bugoloobi stream	7.09	700	25	19.9	5.1	0.002	6.28	18.0	0.13	0.33
Kiteezi Landfill	8.44	5100	30	5245	82.8	0.140	0.03	26.2	0.29	5.35
Lugazi Steel Mills	7.68	133	25	40.7	4.6	0.739	27.06	27.5	0.62	14.98
Jinja Landfill	7.89	3120	27	400	184.8	0.002	0.07	135.4	2.87	6.49
Jinja Steel Mills	7.46	1772	27	36.1	22.5	0.001	4.66	62.6	0.68	1.14
Jinja Walukuba	7.90	300	26	11.9	1.7	0.001	3.49	5.8	0.01	0.20
River Mpanga	6.80	768	25	27.8	15.2	0.001	6.84	82.7	1.57	1.27
Kibenge Hot Springs	7.60	924	46	600.2	4.4	0.040	19.99	199	0.03	0.97
River Nyamwamba	7.03	127	22	6.4	3.8	0.002	3.62	10.0	0.13	1.21
Kilembe Mines	7.45	1569	26	509.8	25.1	0.924	518.10	78.6	0.45	0.93
Kitagata Hot Springs	7.80	1182	59	205.6	0.2	0.001	10.50	30.5	0.02	0.33