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| Authors | Study type | Country | Ethnic/racial group | Sample size | Previous/new donors | Intervention type | Intervention | Tailoring | Comparison | Outcomes |
|
| One-off information and education interventions |
| Bachegowda et al. [34] | Cohort | USA (New York) | African American | n = 18,638 | Previous | Motivational (cognitions-based); reminders. | Two e-mails, one culturally tailored, one not. Included web link to video. | Peripheral (e-mail subject specified more African Americans need blood transfusions; video provided testimonial from African American woman with SCD); evidential (content presented the need to address the burden of sickle-cell disease (SCD)) | Not opening e-mail | Primary: return presentation for donation |
| Price et al. [35] | Nonrandomised, experimental trial with historical control | USA (Missouri, St. Louis) | African American | N = 5,000 (mail-out), n = 176 (survey) | Previous/new | Motivational (cognitions-based) | Mail-out to approx. 50% of households of an introductory postcard, educational video and brochures. | Peripheral (use of African American recording artist on postcard and video); sociocultural (video addressed barriers to blood donation among African Americans identified in previous project) | (1) 6 month interval from the previous year; (2) geographically adjoining zip codes | Primary: number of presenting donors |
| Robbins et al. [36] | Case series | USA (eight states in the northeast region) | Black (10.7% Hispanic/Latino) | n = 150 | Majority (76.7%) previous | Motivational (cognitions-based, altruism, modelling); measurement of cognitions; preventing vasovagal reactions. | Computer-tailored intervention based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) accessed via the Internet. Intervention components included testimonials, images and graphics, behaviour change strategies, and feedback sections. | Evidential (blood donation in the context of SCD); not further specified | None | Primary: likelihood of considering donating blood Secondary: stage of change progression, change in attitudinal “pros” and “cons.” |
| Sutton [37] | Prospective cohort | USA (Virginia) | African American | n = 155 (n = 124 in analysis) | New | Motivational (cognitions-based, altruism) | Educational session, including a researcher-led lecture, sickle-cell video, question and answer period, and social media. | Evidential (education on importance and uses of blood donated by African Americans, video provided testimonial from African Americans); sociocultural (addressing barriers identified in the literature). | African American population of the area as a whole | Primary: attempt to donate blood Secondary: attitudes |
| Multifaceted, community-based interventions |
| Charbonneau and Daigneault, [38]; Charbonneau and Tran, [39] | Historical control | Canada (Quebec) | Black/Haitian | Not specified | Previous/new | Motivational (cognitions-based) | 53 outreach activities (information booths, targeted presentations, group discussions, participation and sponsoring of community and cultural events, forums with leaders, radio interviews, targeted marketing, tours of laboratories, 27 blood drives) | Peripheral (sponsoring of community event); evidential (raising awareness of SCD); constituent-involving (organised blood drives in collaboration with community associations, direct requests from individuals with SCD); not further specified | None | Primary: number of black community donors |
| Frye et al. [40] | Historical control | USA (New York) | African American or black and Hispanic or Latino | Not specified | New | Motivational (cognitions-based) | Outreach coordinators: Included outreach to key leaders and companies; presentations at events; educational presentations at educational, civic, religious and community-based organisations. Tailored marketing materials in both English and Spanish. Newspaper coverage and radio commercials. | Peripheral (images of racially and ethnically diverse communities); evidential (critical need for African Americans to donate blood); constituent-involving (building partnerships with communities and their leaders); sociocultural (addressing barriers identified in qualitative research) | Donors recruited through a drive with the same population, before the involvement of the coordinator. | Primary: units of blood in 14 months from African American and Hispanic or Latino American |
| Grassineau et al. [41] | Case series | France (Marseilles) | Comorian community | Not specified | Not specified | Motivational (cognitions-based, altruism) | Community action group for voluntary blood donors, including local media and community meetings. | Evidential (specific importance for Comorian community); Linguistic (Comorian-speaking local radio); constituent-involving (community action group, involvement of religious and political leaders); sociocultural (explaining elements of Western culture to the Comorian community, addressing barriers identified through research) | None | Primary: volunteering for blood donation |
| Price et al. [42] | Non-randomised, experimental trial | USA (Missouri, St. Louis) | African American | Reach: approx. 15,000 people | New | Motivational (cognitions-based, altruism) | 34 blood drives at 13 churches, including education session at church. | Constituent-involving (African American church sponsorship of blood drive, presented by community members); not further specified | Donors in the general population | Primary: percentage of first-time blood donors |
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