Research Article
Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda
Table 3
Estimated daily intake of heavy metals in drinking water amongst Ugandans.
| Heavy metals in drinking water | | Children | Adults | values | Mean ± SEM ppm/day |
| Borehole water | | | | | Fe | 7 | 0.03413 ± 0.01893 | 0.01463 ± 0.008111 | 0.3708 | Cu | 7 | 0.001057 ± 0.0003856 | 0.0004531 ± 0.0001652 | 0.1872 | Zn | 7 | 0.0009667 ± 0.0001159 | 0.0004143 ± 0.0000497 | 0.002259 | Pb | 7 | 0.0016190 ± 0.0004330 | 0.0006939 ± 0.0001856 | 0.08453 | Cd | 7 | 0.0002476 ± 0.0000280 | 0.0001061 ± 0.0000120 | 0.001598 |
| Bottled water | | | | | Fe | 1 | NC | NC | NC | Cu | 6 | 3.221E − 04 ± 9.651E − 05 | 1.381E − 04 ± 4.137E − 05 | 0.4137 | Zn | 7 | 4.349E − 03 ± 3.052E − 03 | 1.864E − 03 ± 1.308E − 03 | 0.4754 | Pb | 7 | 1.524E − 03 ± 2.804E − 04 | 6.530E − 04 ± 1.201E − 04 | 0.02100 | Cd | 7 | 2.667E − 04 ± 2.057E − 05 | 1.143E − 04 ± 8.817E − 06 | 0.0001267 |
| Open well | | | | | Fe | 8 | 0.05228 ± 0.03212 | 0.0224 ± 0.01377 | 0.7155 | Cu | 7 | 0.00041 ± 0.000059 | 0.000176 ± 0.0000253 | 0.006336 | Zn | 8 | 0.000356 ± 0.0000575 | 0.000153 ± 0.0000246 | 0.009231 | Pb | 6 | 0.001889 ± 0.000362 | 0.00081 ± 0.000155 | 0.02975 | Cd | 8 | 0.000275 ± 0.0000197 | 0.000118 ± 0.00000844 | 0.00003289 |
| Spring water | | | | | Fe | 2 | 0.0007 ± 0.0003 | 0.0003 ± 0.000129 | 0.3918 | Cu | 7 | 0.000505 ± 0.000253 | 0.000216 ± 0.000108 | 0.3244 | Zn | 10 | 0.001917 ± 0.001086 | 0.000822 ± 0.000465 | 0.3718 | Pb | 9 | 0.001259 ± 0.000234 | 0.00054 ± 0.0001 | 0.01678 | Cd | 10 | 0.000267 ± 1.4E − 05 | 0.000114 ± 6.04E − 06 | 0.0000003236 |
| Tap water | | | | | Fe | 6 | 0.01521 ± 0.01146 | 0.006519 ± 0.004912 | 0.5090 | Cu | 7 | 0.003581 ± 0.001917 | 0.001535 ± 0.000822 | 0.3549 | Zn | 8 | 0.02978 ± 0.02005 | 0.01276 ± 0.008594 | 0.4544 | Pb | 6 | 0.001556 ± 0.000222 | 0.000667 ± 9.52E − 05 | 0.008360 | Cd | 8 | 0.000283 ± 2.09E − 05 | 0.000121 ± 8.95E − 06 | 0.00004217 |
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