Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda

Table 4

Noncancer effects associated with heavy metals in drinking water in Southwestern Uganda.

Heavy metals in drinking water	Number of values	Children	Adults	values
		Mean ± SEM THQ
Borehole
Fe	7	0.04876 ± 0.02704	0.0209 ± 0.01159	0.3708
Cu	7	0.02643 ± 0.009639	0.01133 ± 0.004131	0.1872
Zn	7	0.003222 ± 0.000386	0.001381 ± 0.000166	0.002259
Pb	7	0.4048 ± 0.1082	0.1735 ± 0.04639	0.08453
Cd	8	0.2476 ± 0.02804	0.1061 ± 0.01202	0.001598
∑THQ = HI	36	0.730812 ± 0.173305	0.313211 ± 0.074297	—
Bottled water
Fe	1	0.002762	0.001184	NC
Cu	6	0.008056 ± 0.002412	0.003453 ± 0.001034	0.1243
Zn	7	0.0145 ± 0.0102	0.006212 ± 0.004361	0.4754
Pb	7	0.381 ± 0.0701	0.1633 ± 0.03004	0.02097
Cd	7	0.2667 ± 0.02057	0.1143 ± 0.008817	0.0001267
∑THQ = HI	28	0.6730 ± 0.1032	0.2884 ± 0.04425	—
Open well water
Fe	8	0.07468 ± 0.04589	0.03201 ± 0.0197	0.4137
Cu	7	0.01024 ± 0.001474	0.004388 ± 0.000632	0.006336
Zn	8	0.001186 ± 0.000191	0.000508 ± 8.2E − 05	0.009231
Pb	6	0.4722 ± 0.09044	0.2024 ± 0.03876	0.02975
Cd	8	0.275 ± 0.01967	0.1179 ± 0.00843	3.289E − 05
∑THQ = HI	37	0.8333 ± 0.157665	0.35721 ± 0.06757	—
Spring water
Fe	2	0.001 ± 0.000429	0.000429 ± 0.000184	0.3918
Cu	7	0.01262 ± 0.006319	0.005408 ± 0.002708	0.3244
Zn	10	0.006391 ± 0.00362	0.002739 ± 0.001552	0.37180
Pb	9	0.3148 ± 0.05856	0.1349 ± 0.0251	0.01678
Cd	10	0.2667 ± 0.01405	0.1143 ± 0.006023	3.236E − 07
∑THQ = HI	38	0.6015 ± 0.0830	0.2578 ± 0.03557	—
Tap water
Fe	6	0.02173 ± 0.01637	0.009313 ± 0.007018	0.5090
Cu	7	0.08952 ± 0.04794	0.03837 ± 0.02054	0.3549
Zn	8	0.09928 ± 0.06684	0.04255 ± 0.02865	0.4544
Pb	6	0.3889 ± 0.05556	0.1667 ± 0.02381	0.008360
Cd	8	0.2833 ± 0.02089	0.1214 ± 0.008954	4.217E − 05
∑THQ = HI	39	0.8827 ± 0.2076	0.3783 ± 0.0890	—