Research Article
Explaining the Effects of Socioeconomic and Housing Characteristics on the Choice of Toilet Facilities among Ghanaian Households
Table 4
Factors influencing the usage of other toilet facilities over open defecation.
| Variable | Public toilet | Pit latrine/KVIP | WC | Coef. [std. err.] | Z value ( value) | mfx | Coef. [std. err.] | Z value ( value) | mfx | Coef. [std. err.] | Z value ( value) | mfx |
| Sex | −0.161 [0.075] | −2.150 (0.032) | −0.027 | −0.026 [0.072] | −0.370 (0.713) | 0.020 | −0.206 [0.098] | −2.110 (0.035) | −0.007 | Age | 0.011 [0.002] | 5.580 (0.000) | 0.001 | 0.010 [0.002] | 5.600 (0.000) | 0.001 | 0.021 [0.003] | 7.350 (0.000) | 0.001 | Education | 0.059 [0.008] | 7.180 (0.000) | 0.002 | 0.067 [0.008] | 8.410 (0.000) | 0.006 | 0.113 [0.010] | 11.670 (0.000) | 0.003 | Household size | 0.023 [0.013] | 1.670 (0.095) | 0.007 | −0.012 [0.012] | −1.000 (0.317) | −0.004 | −0.074 [0.021] | −3.520 (0.000) | −0.004 | Marital status | 0.202 [0.076] | 2.640 (0.008) | −0.002 | 0.272 [0.073] | 3.740 (0.000) | 0.029 | 0.481 [0.101] | 4.780 (0.000) | 0.014 | Urban | 1.472 [0.072] | 20.500 (0.000) | 0.156 | 0.850 [0.071] | 12.020 (0.000) | −0.045 | [0.104] | 24.330 (0.000) | 0.080 |
| Region (Accra) | Ashanti | 0.615 [0.172] | 3.580 (0.000) | −0.047 | 0.921 [0.175] | 5.260 (0.000) | 0.076 | 1.509 [0.187] | 8.090 (0.000) | 0.056 | Brong Ahafo | 0.200 [0.163] | 1.230 (0.219) | −0.030 | 0.451 [0.166] | 2.720 (0.007) | 0.070 | 0.266 [0.198] | 1.350 (0.179) | −0.0003 | Central | −0.331 [0.162] | −2.050 (0.041) | −0.139 | 0.429 [0.163] | 2.640 (0.008) | 0.161 | −0.263 [0.191] | −1.370 (0.170) | −0.013 | Eastern | 0.430 [0.180] | 2.390 (0.017) | −0.183 | 1.586 [0.178] | 8.890 (0.000) | 0.297 | 0.698 [0.206] | 3.380 (0.001) | −0.012 | Northern | −1.555 [0.157] | −9.910 (0.000) | −0.148 | −1.783 [0.165] | −10.790 (0.000) | −0.172 | −1.803 [0.256] | −7.050 (0.000) | −0.023 | Upper East | −3.200 [0.188] | −17.010 (0.000) | −0.357 | −1.892 [0.163] | −11.580 (0.000) | −0.136 | −1.948 [0.235] | −8.300 (0.000) | −0.019 | Upper West | −1.785 [0.171] | −10.450 (0.000) | −0.268 | −0.698 [0.160] | −4.380 (0.000) | 0.040 | −0.373 [0.222] | −1.680 (0.093) | 0.026 | Volta | −0.608 [0.158] | −3.850 (0.000) | −0.138 | 0.066 [0.158] | 0.420 (0.676) | 0.118 | −0.768 [0.200] | −3.840 (0.000) | −0.020 | Western | 0.274 [0.170] | 1.610 (0.107) | −0.107 | 0.908 [0.170] | 5.320 (0.000) | 0.149 | 1.030 [0.194] | 5.310 (0.000) | 0.028 |
| Ownership of dwelling | Private entities | 0.653 [0.096] | 6.800 (0.000) | 0.076 | 0.313 [0.095] | 3.300 (0.001) | −0.04 | 1.170 [0.124] | 9.430 (0.000) | 0.041 | Government | 0.404 [0.072] | 5.570 (0.000) | 0.056 | 0.108 [0.069] | 1.550 (0.120) | −0.047 | 0.907 [0.106] | 8.520 (0.000) | 0.036 |
| Dwelling type | Compound | 0.608 [0.246] | 2.470 (0.013) | 0.025 | 0.823 [0.263] | 3.130 (0.002 | 0.116 | 0.650 [0.325] | 2.000 (0.045) | 0.004 | Flats/semidetached/separate house | 0.725 [0.250] | 2.900 (0.004) | 0.002 | 1.026 [0.266] | 3.860 (0.000) | 0.119 | 1.825 [0.329] | 5.550 (0.000) | 0.063 | Expenditure of rent | −0.0006 [0.0001] | −6.660 (0.000) | −0.0002 | 0.000 [0.000] | 4.370 (0.000) | 0.0001 | 0.001 [0.000] | 14.780 (0.000) | 0.00005 |
| Welfare quintile | Second | 0.410 [0.089] | 4.610 (0.000) | 0.075 | −0.028 [0.077] | −0.360 (0.720) | −0.065 | 1.028 [0.272] | 3.780 (0.000) | 0.023 | Third | 0.693 [0.101] | 6.890 (0.000) | 0.099 | [0.091] | 1.990 (0.047) | −0.065 | 1.724 [0.266] | 6.470 (0.000) | 0.046 | Fourth | 0.848 [0.119] | 7.120 (0.000) | 0.090 | 0.414 [0.111] | 3.730 (0.000) | −0.043 | 2.194 [0.270] | 8.120 (0.000) | 0.067 | Fifth | 1.215 [0.182] | 6.660 (0.000) | 0.096 | 0.813 [0.177] | 4.590 (0.000) | −0.021 | 2.801 [0.305] | 9.190 (0.000) | 0.091 | Per capita consumption expenditure | 1.6 E − 05 [2.2 E − 05] | 7.4 E − 01 (4.6 E − 01) | 0.000001 | 1.1 E − 05 [2.2 E − 05] | 4.8 E − 01 (0.000) | −0.000001 | 7.0 E − 05 [2.2 E − 05] | 3.1 E + 00 (0.000) | 0.000003 | Constant | −1.7 E + 00 [3.0 E − 01] | −5.5 E + 00 (0.000) | | −1.8 E + 00 [3.1 E − 01] | −5.9 E + 00 (0.000) | | −7.5 E + 00 [4.6 E − 01] | −1.6 E + 01 (0.000) | |
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