| | 3rd order labels | 3rd order constructs | 2nd order constructs | Summary definition (translation) of the 1st and 2nd order constructs | Sources |
| | Urban planning | Poor urban planning leads to inaccessibility of resources | Inaccessibility of resources | Lack of reliable transportation restricts access to neighbourhood recreational facilities, especially for those who live in remote areas. Lack of childcare and inconvenient hours of operation are policy barriers to entry | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 |
| | | Poor urban design and maintenance contributes to negative feelings | Poor neighbourhood aesthetic qualities | Poor neighbourhood appearances are a disincentive to being active. Poor environment because of poorly maintained footpaths, parks, and roads, in addition to vandalism are visually depressing and make people feel neglected | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 19 |
| | | People need to feel protected in environment | Fear of crime and violence | Threatening situations such as gunshots, vandalism, drug trafficking, muggings, theft, prostitution, and homicide are some reasons why people want more law enforcement and prefer to stay home than exercise outside or even the gym. Threats from gangs, older children, and fear of abduction are on the minds of parents | 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19 |
| | | | Neighbourhood safety hazards | Opportunities for PA are influenced by perceived safety or danger of neighbourhood, i.e., traffic, unleashed dogs, poor lighting at night, homes located on highways, decaying footpaths, people in parks doing drugs, pranks, and obscenities; glass on the floor, dirty needles, and cigarettes are especially concerning for parents | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19 |
| | Financial constraint | Income inequality because of limited choice for PA | Affordability | Cost is regarded as a major barrier with equipment and sports clubs’ contributions perceived as too expensive. Expensive drinks after exercise add to increased costs. Childcare and transportation costs also financial barriers | 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19 |
| | | | Recognition of low-cost physical activity alternatives | Cheaper alternatives for PA are recognised such as subsidies at gyms for low-income people or just running outside | 3, 11, 16, 17 |
| | | | Inflexible, long-term commitment and unaffordable options | Pricing strategies welcomed but commitments with lengthy memberships can deter people from participating in sports. Perceived stigma for being below poverty line when requesting subsidies also reduces participation | 11, 16 |
| | Work-life integration | Work-life integration coping mechanisms exhausted by personal responsibilities | Prioritisation of time | Personal responsibilities such as work, school, and family are priorities for time and energy expenditure more than personal needs such as PA. Time constraints because of inflexible work hours and family responsibilities leave inadequate personal time to recover from feelings of exhaustion | 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18 |
| | Community engagement | Community engagement strategies need to personally relate to people | Conventional marketing of programs has limited impact | Lack of resources, social marketing knowledge, and multilingual skills to communicate about local activities, cause low turn-out and high drop-out rates | 12, 16 | | | | Lack of tailored activities available to connect with community | Language difficulties and lack of multilingual resources prevent tailoring of activities but friendly nonjudging socialisation gains trust nonetheless | 12, 13, 16, 18 |
| | Social support | PA is a social experience | Lack of social support | Social influence is a motivator to engage in PA. Support from community networks including friends, parents, family members, coaches, and health professionals provide both encouragement and sense of security | 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 |
| | | | Lacking an exercise companion not a barrier | Some people prefer to exercise alone and not participate in group programs. There are mixed opinions about exercising with co-workers | 3, 11, 18, 19 |
| | | People might be in isolation because of family culture | Negative social influences | Feeling of guilt as exercise is considered a selfish and low-priority activity by one’s own family. In addition, weight-related teasing and social misconceptions between different family cultures impedes social interaction within community | 2, 3, 12, 13, 16, 17 |
| | Psychosocial factors | Low self-esteem makes people feel uncomfortable around peers | Poor self-image | Thinking they are flabby in physical appearance or overweight makes people feel uneasy in fitness clubs with mostly slim and trained people. Body image issues also mean difficulty finding appropriate clothing to wear comfortably in public | 2, 11, 16, 17, 18 |
| | | PA is perceived as a coerced experience | Transport-related walking feels like a chore | Walking is perceived as a negative experience. As a primary form of transport or incidental activity it is described as an exhaustive and burdening necessity | 1, 2, 3, 17 |
| | | | Perceived low personal functioning | Expectation to participate in certain types of exercises might be inappropriate because of advancing age, chronic health conditions, physical disabilities, poor mental health, fatigue, physical discomfort, or current fitness level | 2, 9, 10, 13, 17 |
| | | | However, mental health problems not considered a main barrier | Issues of boredom and stress, being “stuck in a rut” or embarrassed more acknowledged than health problems for lack of exercise | 11, 12 |
| | | People need self-belief through recognised improvement | Perceived low physical competence | Positive experiences of participation such as parental encouragement or “mastery experience” promote ongoing participation, whereas negative experiences discourage participation | 2, 3, 18 |
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