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| Source no. | Author | Year | Country | Sample | Ethnicity | Data collection | Topics of interest | Aim |
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| 1 | Bostock [54] | 2000 | United Kingdom | N = 30 mothers on social security benefits | White (60%), black, Pakistani, Indian, and Gujarati Muslim | Semistructured interviews | Walking, physical fatigue, and psychosocial stress | To contend that “no access to a car” is not only an indicator of low socioeconomic status but of walking as a mode of transport |
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| 2 | Burton et al. [55]. | 2003 | Australia | N = 60 men and women between 18–60 years from three socioeconomic groups (high, middle, and low) | Ethnicity not stated (predominant white assumed) | Semistructured interviews | Recreational physical activity | To explore how influences on recreational physical activity were patterned by socioeconomic position |
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| 3 | Ball et al. [56] | 2006 | Australia | N = 56 women aged 18–65 years (19 from high, 19 from middle, and 18 from low SES area) | Ethnicity not stated (predominant white assumed) | Semistructured interviews | Physical activity | To investigate why women of low socioeconomic status are less physically active than women of higher SES |
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| 4 | Bove and Olson [57] | 2006 | United States | N = 28 mothers at least 18 years and one child younger than 12 years. Annual household income less than 200% of the federal poverty level | Ethnicity not stated (predominant white assumed) | In-depth interviews | Physical activity and eating patterns | To understand overweight and obesity from the perspective of low-income mothers living in rural New York state, focusing in particular on challenges to maintaining a healthy weight that might be unique to rural poverty |
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| 5 | Yen et al. [58] | 2006 | United States | N = 52 women aged 21 to 66 years, at least one child under 18 living at home. From three different neighbourhoods (lower, moderate, and higher income) | Majority Hispanic with non-Hispanic white minority | 8 Focus group discussions (FGDs) | Diet, physical activity, and smoking | To investigate women’s perceptions of neighbourhood resources and hazards associated with poor diet, physical inactivity, and cigarette smoking |
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| 6 | Griffin et al. [59] | 2007 | United States | N = 27 adults (70% women and 30% men) living in community where 73% of adult residents have annual income less than $25,000 | African Americans | 3 FGDs | Physical activity | To increase understanding of how safety and environmental factors influence physical activity among African American residents about how to best design physical activity interventions for their neighbourhood |
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| 7 | Hartweg and Isabelli-García [60] | 2007 | United States | N = 43 women aged 25 to 61 with family incomes less than 185% of the poverty level | Immigrants from Mexico | 7 FGDs | General health, nutrition, and physical activity | To investigate health perceptions of first- and second-generation, low-income, Spanish-speaking women from Mexico and Central America to learn their views of health and also to identify any differences between subcultures |
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| 8 | Kamphuis et al. [61] | 2007 | Netherlands | N = 38 men and women aged 29–81 years selected based on their neighbourhood’s deprivation level and highest educational attainment | Ethnicity not stated (predominant white assumed) | FGDs | Physical activity, fruit, and vegetable consumption | To explore how perceptions of environmental influences on health behaviour pattern across socioeconomic groups in Netherlands |
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| 9 | Chang et al. [62] | 2008 | United States | N = 80 mothers, 18 to 35 years of age, at least one child enrolled in program providing nutrition consultation for low-income women and children | Non-Hispanic, black or non-Hispanic white | 8 FGDs | Healthy eating and physical activity | To identify motivators and barriers to healthful eating and physical activity among low-income overweight and obese non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white mothers |
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| 10 | Bragg et al. [63] | 2009 | United States | N = 50 men and women aged 18–89 years with family income less than $40,000 and N = 41 adolescents | African American, Hispanic, non-Hispanic white | 12 FGDs | Physical activity | To identify motivators and barriers relative to engagement in physical activity as reported by culturally diverse low-income adolescents and adults |
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| 11 | Steenhuis et al. [64] | 2009 | Netherlands | N = 27 men and women with lower socioeconomic status using education level as an indicator | Dutch | In-depth interviews | Physical activity and participation in sports activities | To investigate the importance of economic restraints for taking part in sports activities as well as perceptions of low-income people toward different pricing interventions |
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| 12 | Withall et al. [65] | 2009 | United Kingdom | N = 27 parents aged 16 to 54 years (1 man and 26 women), at least one child under 11 years and living in an economically disadvantaged area | White | 5 FGDs | Diet, physical activity, and obesity | To examine reported barriers to consuming a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity among low-income families with existing issues of overweight or obesity |
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| 13 | Kaiser and Baumann [66] | 2010 | United States | N = 20 men and women aged 18 years or over with annual household income less than 200% of Federal Poverty Guidelines for reported household size | Latino and non-Latino | 4 FGDs | Physical activity and healthy diet | To describe the perspectives of low-income adults in 2 rural Wisconsin counties on the factors that influence physical activity and healthy eating |
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| 14 | Greaney et al. [67] | 2012 | United States | N = 35 adults aged 18–45 years (20 women, 15 men). Majority report household income of less than $20,000 and not having graduated from high school | Immigrants from South America, Central America, Mexico, or the Caribbean | 4 FGDs | Diet and physical activity | To explore how migration influenced physical activity and dietary behaviours among Latino immigrants |
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| 15 | Hartweg et al. [68] | 2012 | United States | N = 30 women approximately, aged 18–64 years with family income less than 185% of United States poverty level | Immigrants from Mexico | 5 FGDs | Physical activity | To elicit recent Mexican immigrant women’s perceptions of “being physically active” and to describe how living in United States has influenced their perceptions of being physically active |
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| 16 | Mansfield et al. [69] | 2012 | Canada | N = 42 mothers (median age 35.7 years, standard deviation 7.7 years) self-identified as SED using MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, have at least one child ≤14 years of age still living at home | Multiethnic | 6 FGDs | Physical activity | To identify the individual, social, and environmental factors influencing utilitarian and leisure time physical activities of multiethnic socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers |
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| 17 | Mohamed et al. [70] | 2014 | United States | N = 20, Somali men living in Rochester, Minnesota. Age ranged from 24 to 65 | Somali men | 3 FGDs and 3 in-depth interviews | Physical activity | Determine perceptions of physical activity |
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| 18 | Wieland et al. [71] | 2015 | United States | N = 127 (adults 54 and adolescents 73), immigrants and refugees mean annual income varied from USD 14,862 to 24,857 | Immigrants and refugees of Cambodian, Mexican, Somali, and Sudanese background | 16 FGDs | Physical activity | Determine reasons for low level of PA among the immigrants and refugees |
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| 19 | Gray et al. [72] | 2016 | United Kingdom | N = 28 among older adults with low/high SES, using self-determination theory and self-efficacy theory framework | Older adults with low/high SES | 4 FGDs | Physical activity | Explore motives and barriers to physical activity among older adults of differing socioeconomic status |
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