Domestic Groundwater Quality in the Northern Governorates of the West Bank, Palestine

Table 1

Physiochemical and microbiological parameters of the groundwater in the Northern governorates of the West Bank, the PSI standards, and the WHO guideline.

Physiochemical parameter	Range of measured values	Avg. ± S.D	WHO guidelines [20]	PSI standards [19]	Samples over MCL^a of PSI (%)
Total hardness ( mg/L)	204–485	351 ± 60.2	NA	500	0%
Chloride (mg/L)	24–232	32 ± 44.7	Up to 250	Up to 250	0%
Conductivity EC (μS/cm)	401–6130	820 ± 654	Up to 2000	Up to 2000	1.4%
pH	7.09–8.47	7.6 ± 0.8	6.5–8.5	6.5–8.5	0%
Sodium (Na)	21–77	32 ± 20.0	100	200	0%
Nitrate () (mg /L)	1–82	32 ± 20.0	Up to 50	50	18%
Turbidity (NTU)	0.3–6.4	1.4 ± 1.3	Up to 5.0	Up to 5.0	2.6%
Temperature (°C)	18–27	23 ± 1.41	NA	NA	NA
Total Coliforms (CFU/100 mL)	0–40	0.5 ± 4.58	0	0–3	1.3
Fecal Coliforms (CFU/100 mL)	0–25	0.33 ± 2.87	0	0	1.3

^aMCL: maximum concentration limit according to PSI [19]; NTU: nephelometric turbidity units; NA: not available; Avg.: average; CFU: colony forming unit.