Research Article

Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Health-Related Hazardous Events in the Drinking Water Supply System from Source to Tap in Gaza Strip, Palestine

Table 3

Assessment of hazardous events at catchments by seven raters.

HazardHazardous eventLikelihood avg (SD)Severity avg (SD)Risk level avg (SD)

ChemicalHigh level of dissolved salts in water4.11 (0.65)3.41 (0.58)14.04 (3.26) (high risk)

Microbial and chemicalExcessive algal formations in water storage tanks2.93 (0.52)3.40 (0.66)10.15 (3.19) (high risk)

MicrobialSewage collection within 200 m of the borehole2.38 (0.73)2.97 (0.79)7.48 (3.76) (medium risk)

MicrobialWater leakage between water well and water storage tank2.54 (0.63)2.82 (0.63)7.41 (3.21) (medium risk)

MicrobialThe leaking water forms stagnant ponding within 10 m of the borehole2.49 (0.74)2.69 (0.75)7.09 (3.50) (medium risk)

Chemical and microbialSpilled water drainage channels are absent or cracked or unclean2.40 (0.70)2.67 (0.73)6.77 (3.44) (medium risk)

MicrobialHuman, animals, or birds excreta on the ground within 10 m of the borehole2.25 (0.66)2.80 (0.75)6.62 (3.29) (medium risk)

MicrobialThe fence of the water well is inadequate to prevent the entry of animals2.36 (0.64)2.68 (0.66)6.61 (3.10) (medium risk)

ChemicalAccidental spillage of diesel or other chemicals within 100 m of the borehole2.33 (0.65)2.68 (0.76)6.60 (3.30) (medium risk)

Chemical, microbial, and physicalThe cement cap of a borehole is absent, cracked or unclean2.33 (0.66)2.57 (0.69)6.29 (2.99) (medium risk)

Chemical and microbialThe pump house at the point of attachment to the borehole base is loose2.28 (0.72)2.53 (0.74)6.16 (3.15) (medium risk)

Chemical and microbialStockbreeding, agricultural activities within 50 m of the borehole2.19 (0.60)2.60 (0.69)5.96 (2.71) (low risk)

MicrobialRainstorms or floods affect the borehole area2.20 (0.76)2.38 (0.80)5.72 (3.41) (low risk)

Chemical, microbial, and physicalWaste disposal site or landfill within 300 m of the borehole2.07 (0.66)2.29 (0.76)5.15 (2.99) (low risk)

Risk level = likelihood ∗ Severity.