Consumption of Raw Herbal Medicines Is Associated with Major Public Health Risks amongst Ugandans

Table 3

Modeled noncancer health risks in Ugandans following consumption of Vernonia amygdalina.

Heavy metals detected	N	Children	Adults	values
		Mean ± 95% confidence interval, target hazard quotient (THQ)
Pb	20	193.38 ± 38.79^a	124.32 ± 24.93^a	0.0036
Cr	20	6766.67 ± 497.22^a	4350.00 ± 319.64^a	<0.0001
Cu	20	11.98 ± 1.92^a	7.70 ± 1.23^a	0.0004
Zn	20	2.99 ± 0.27^a	1.92 ± 0.17^a	<0.0001
Cd	6	3.88 ± 0.49^a	2.49 ± 0.32^a	0.0002
Co	20	4.40 ± 0.89^a	2.83 ± 0.57^a	0.0040
Fe	20	0.34 ± 0.036^b	0.22 ± 0.023^b	<0.0001
Ni	20	70.075 ± 4.75^a	45.05 ± 3.054^a	<0.0001
HI = ∑THQ		7053.71 ± 544.36^a	4534.53 ± 349.95^a	<0.0001

^aPresence of noncancer risk and ^babsence of noncancer risk.