Consumption of Raw Herbal Medicines Is Associated with Major Public Health Risks amongst Ugandans

Table 4

Modeled incremental lifetime cancer risk associated with Vernonia amygdalina.

Heavy metals detected	N	Children	Adults	values
		Mean ± 95% confidence interval, ×10^−4 incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR)
Pb	20	4.93 ± 0.99^a	15.85 ± 3.18^a	<0.0001
Cr	20	870.00 ± 63.93^a	2796.43 ± 205.48^a	<0.0001
Cd	6	0.63 ± 0.0798^b	2.03 ± 0.26^a	<0.0001
Ni	20	1009.08 ± 68.40^a	3243.47 ± 219.86^a	<0.0001
∑ ILCR	66	1884.64 ± 133.40^a	6057.78 ± 428.78^a	<0.0001

^aPresence of risk and ^babsence of risk.