The Associations between Blood and Urinary Concentrations of Metal Metabolites, Obesity, Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia among US Adults: NHANES 1999–2016
Table 1
Participant characteristics by metal.
Weighted
Urinary barium
Urinary cesium
Urinary antimony
Urinary uranium
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
Moderate concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
N
9818
2438
9860
2502
5100
4740
2440
9099
2213
Metal concentration, ng/mla
0.88 (0.01)
4.76 (0.06)
3.3 (0.03)
10.3 (0.07)
0.03 (0.01)
0.08 (0.01)
0.23 (0.01)
0.004 (0.01)
0.028 (0.01)
Age, years
47.3 (0.3)
45.0 (0.4)
46.9 (0.3)
46.2 (0.4)
49.1 (0.4)
46.2 (0.3)
42.8 (0.4)
47.1 (0.3)
46.2 (0.5)
BMI, kg/m2
28.6 (0.1)
29.5 (0.2)
28.7 (0.1)
29.1 (0.2)
28.1 (0.1)
29.5 (0.1)
29.0 (0.2)
28.7 (0.1)
29.3 (0.2)
Obesityb, %
32.8 (0.7)
39.4 (1.3)
33.6 (0.7)
36.0 (1.3)
30.2 (0.9)
38.6 (1.0)
34.8 (1.3)
34.3 (0.8)
36.7 (1.5)
Sex, % male
47.7 (0.6)
55.8 (1.2)
48.2 (0.6)
54.5 (1.1)
43.6 (0.8)
51.5 (0.9)
58.8 (0.9)
48.5 (0.6)
54.2 (1.4)
White ethnicity, %
68.8 (1.2)
76.8 (1.2)
70.4 (1.2)
71.7 (1.4)
74.0 (1.3)
69.1 (1.4)
66.4 (1.7)
71.5 (1.2)
65.9 (2.3)
Current smoker, %
21.0 (0.6)
24.1 (1.2)
21.3 (0.6)
23.3 (1.0)
17.4 (0.7)
23.4 (1.0)
28.0 (1.2)
20.1 (0.5)
27.7 (1.3)
Intake, kcal/day
2153 (12)
2322 (24)
2182 (12)
2205 (25)
2128 (17)
2192 (18)
2341 (27)
2183 (12)
2226 (27)
Physically active, %
81.3 (0.6)
84.1 (0.9)
81.4 (0.6)
84.3 (0.9)
82.3 (0.8)
81.7 (0.8)
82.0 (1.0)
82.8 (0.6)
77.3 (1.2)
Weighted
Blood cadmium
Urinary cadmium
Blood lead
Urinary lead
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
N
25577
6435
9944
2318
25664
6348
9851
2511
Metal concentration, ng/mla
2.4 (0.02)
11.2 (0.09)
0.16 (0.01)
1.01 (0.01)
0.05 (0.01)
0.18 (0.01)
0.4 (0.01)
1.8 (0.02)
Age, years
46.8 (0.2)
47.9 (0.3)
45.4 (0.3)
54.1 (0.4)
45.5 (0.2)
55.0 (0.3)
46.5 (0.3)
50.0 (0.4)
BMI, kg/m2
29.0 (0.7)
27.7 (0.1)
28.9 (0.1)
28.5 (0.2)
29.0 (0.1)
27.6 (0.1)
29.0 (0.1)
28.2 (0.2)
Obesityb, %
36.1 (0.5)
28.9 (0.7)
34.6 (0.7)
33.3 (1.3)
36.2 (0.5)
27.4 (0.8)
34.9 (0.7)
31.4 (1.3)
Sex, % male
50.0 (0.3)
48.4 (0.7)
50.2 (0.6)
46.1 (1.4)
46.0 (0.3)
69.4 (0.8)
46.9 (0.6)
62.9 (1.3)
White ethnicity, %
71.4 (1.1)
72.4 (1.4)
71.5 (1.2)
66.4 (1.6)
72.3 (1.1)
68.3 (1.5)
72.1 (1.2)
64.0 (1.6)
Current smoker, %
9.5 (0.3)
75.0 (0.8)
18.3 (0.5)
39.8 (1.5)
19.8 (0.4)
33.6 (0.8)
19.8 (0.5)
31.0 (1.4)
Intake, kcal/day
2201 (9)
2202 (18)
2221 (12)
2035 (26)
2192 (10)
2247 (20)
2184 (12)
2231 (27)
Physically active, %
83.0 (0.4)
77.4 (0.7)
83.2 (0.6)
75.6 (1.1)
82.7 (0.4)
78.2 (0.7)
82.2 (0.6)
81.0 (1.0)
BMI, body mass index; kcal, kilocalories. For continuous variables, weighted mean (SE) are reported, and for categorical variables, weighted prevalence (SE) are reported. aMetal concentration presented as geometric mean (SE). bObesity defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2. , different from low-concentration group.
