The Associations between Blood and Urinary Concentrations of Metal Metabolites, Obesity, Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Dyslipidemia among US Adults: NHANES 1999–2016
Table 2
Weighted prevalence rates for hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia by metal metabolite.
Urinary barium
Urinary cesium
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Hypertension, %
36.4 (0.6)
36.1 (1.2)
37.0 (0.6)
33.8 (1.1)
Type 2 diabetes, %
10.1 (0.4)
8.2 (0.6)
10.1 (0.4)
8.3 (0.7)
Dyslipidemia, %
52.6 (0.7)
57.2 (1.3)
53.3 (0.7)
54.7 (1.3)
Urinary antimony
Urinary uranium
Low concentration
Moderate concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Hypertension, %
36.5 (0.9)
36.6 (1.0)
31.2 (1.3)
35.5 (0.7)
35.4 (1.4)
Type 2 diabetes, %
9.5 (0.5)
10.3 (0.5)
8.8 (0.7)
9.5 (0.4)
11.6 (0.9)
Dyslipidemia, %
50.1 (0.9)
55.6 (1.0)
57.4 (1.2)
51.9 (0.7)
55.9 (1.5)
Blood cadmium
Urinary cadmium
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Hypertension, %
36.7 (0.5)
36.8 (0.8)
34.8 (0.6)
44.0 (1.3)
Type 2 diabetes, %
10.1 (0.3)
9.4 (0.4)
9.1 (0.3)
12.9 (0.8)
Dyslipidemia, %
52.2 (0.5)
58.2 (0.9)
52.2 (0.7)
61.1 (1.3)
Blood lead
Urinary lead
Low concentration
High concentration
Low concentration
High concentration
Hypertension, %
34.3 (0.5)
49.4 (1.0)
35.4 (0.6)
41.2 (1.4)
Type 2 diabetes, %
9.9 (0.3)
10.2 (0.5)
9.7 (0.4)
9.7 (0.7)
Dyslipidemia, %
53.0 (0.5)
55.3 (0.9)
52.6 (0.7)
58.9 (1.3)
Weighted prevalence (SE) reported. , different from low-concentration group.
