Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Table 11

Overall mean values of chemical properties of rural communities’ drinking water from unprotected and protected sources in the Guto Gida district.

Chemical parameters	Water sample sources
	Unprotected well	Unprotected spring	Protected well	Protected spring	value
Nitrate (mg/L)	20.5 ± 7.85^a	14.63 ± 9.97^ab	10.23 ± 2.51^b	12.56 ± 3.81^b	<0.05
Manganese (mg/L)	0.20 ± 0.15^b	0.21 ± 0.11^b	0.21 ± 0.18^b	0.51 ± 0.24^a	<0.01
Iron (mg/L)	0.32 ± 0.20^a	0.26 ± 0.15^a	0.51 ± 0.43^a	0.55 ± 0.31^a	>0.05
Sulphate (mg/L)	221 ± 47.82^a	129.00 ± 45.62^a	59.00 ± 19.47^b	36.29 ± 10.1^b	<0.01
Zinc (mg/L)	1.40 ± 0.66^a	0.44 ± 0.16^b	1.69 ± 0.95^a	2.21 ± 1.09^a	<0.01
Phosphate (mg/L)	0.73 ± 0.19^a	0.72 ± 0.31^a	0.71 ± 0.25^a	0.69 ± 0.36^a	<0.01
Fluoride (mg/L)	0.56 ± 0.34^ab	0.32 ± 0.19^b	0.71 ± 0.37^a	0.63 ± 0.33^ab	>0.05
Lead (mg/L)	0.005 ± 0.005^a	0.002 ± 0.003^a	0.007 ± 0.009^a	0.004 ± 0.006^a	>0.05

Data are the average of 8; SE: standard error; numbers indicated by the same letter superscripts within the same column do not vary significantly by Duncan’s multiple range test at .