Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Table 8

Chemical characteristics of unprotected springs serving as water sources for the rural communities in the Guto Gida district.

Sampling site	Iron (mg/L)	Fluoride (mg/L)	Manganese (mg/L)	Nitrate (mg/L)	Sulphate (mg/L)	Zinc (mg/L)	Lead (mg/L)	Phosphate (mg/L)
D1	0.14 ± 0.23^a	0.15 ± 0.23^a	0.11 ± 0.08^b	6.71 ± 0.28^b	209.7 ± 13.7^a	3.81 ± 1.21^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.50 ± .65^ab
D2	0.47 ± 0.34^a	0.55 ± 0.31^a	0.17 ± 0.21^b	11.13 ± 1.93^ab	167.7 ± 36.9^ab	0.89 ± 0.66^b	0.01 ± 0.01^a	0.73 ± 0.47^ab
J1	0.41 ± 0.38^a	0.08 ± 0.05^a	0.15 ± 0.04^b	11.08 ± 2.90^ab	107.0 ± 14.2^bcd	1.62 ± 1.37^b	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.89 ± 0.73^ab
J2	0.22 ± 0.17^a	0.29 ± 0.23^a	0.04 ± 0.07^b	9.36 ± 4.22^ab	94.0 ± 36.7^d	1.85 ± .56^ab	0.15 ± 0.09^a	1.25 ± .44^a
K1	0.40 ± 0.42^a	0.60 ± 0.44^a	0.11 ± 0.11^b	14.41 ± 6.23^a	153.7 ± 65.9^abc	2.02 ± 2.26^b	0.07 ± 0.04^a	0.11 ± 0.18^b
K2	0.13 ± 0.03^a	0.42 ± .15^a	0.29 ± 0.25^b	10.61 ± 1.74^ab	125.0 ± 20.5^bcd	1.10 ± .88^b	0.04 ± 0.07^a	0.58 ± 0.48^ab
S1	0.10 ± 0.12^a	0.30 ± 0.30^a	0.18 ± 0.16^b	7.03 ± 0.50^ab	107.3 ± 47.9^bcd	1.15 ± .099^b	0.02 ± 0.01^a	0.44 ± 0.34^ab
S2	0.17 ± .24^a	0.21 ± 0.20^a	0.62 ± 0.19^a	11.52 ± 6.96^ab	67.7 ± 26.5^d	1.07 ± 0.15^b	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.99 ± 0.49^ab

Data are average of triplicates; SE: standard error; numbers indicated by the same letter superscripts within the same column do not vary significantly by Duncan’s multiple range test at ; D1: Dalo; J: Jato; K: Kumsa Moroda; S1: Sorga site 1; S2: Sorga site 2; TDS: total dissolved solids; EC: electrical conductivity.